當代中文 Study Guide

Book 4: Difference between revisions

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= Chapter 1 =
= Chapter 1 =
== Vocabulary Notes ==
== Vocabulary I ==
=== 溫暖 vs 暖和 vs 溫馨 ===
 
<!--T:132-->
===上癮===
To be addicted (to something).
 
<!--T:133-->
Usages:
* 她對（某個東西）上癮: she is addicted to (something)
* 她看恐怖片看上癮了: she is addicted to watching horror movies
 
<!--T:134-->
===刺激===
Stimulating (Vs), to stimulate (V), stimulation (N).
 
== Vocabulary II == <!--T:135-->
 
<!--T:136-->
===寂寞===
Lonely and isolated feeling (but not necessarily physically alone).
 
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Compare with 孤單, which means "alone".
 
<!--T:138-->
===網友===
Literally "online friend", but often implies online dating
 
<!--T:139-->
===陪伴===
To keep somebody company
Usages:
* 他陪伴（某個人）: he accompanies (somebody)
* 他是她的陪伴: he is her companion
 
<!--T:140-->
===紓解===
To relieve (pressure, stress). See also 減輕 (to reduce).
 
<!--T:141-->
===轉換===
Often used with:
* 心情：「轉換心情」 "to change one's mood"
* 跑道：「轉換跑道」 "to change one's path (in life)"
 
<!--T:142-->
===虛擬===
Virtual or fictional. Opposite of 現實.
 
<!--T:143-->
===現實===
Actual, real. Opposite of 虛擬. Means "materialistic" and carries a negative connotation if used to describe a person (use 實際 instead to mean "practical" or "realistic" without the negative connotation).
 
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===期待===
Expectations (N), to look forward to or be excited for an upcoming event (V)
 
<!--T:145-->
===喘氣===
To gasp, pant. V-sep, Vs
 
<!--T:146-->
Usages:
* 喘喘氣
* 喘一口氣 (V-sep)
* 很喘 (Vs)
 
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===懂得===
To comprehend, to understand.
 
<!--T:148-->
Used to describe experience-based understanding of something complex. Cannot be used as drop-in replacement for 懂.
 
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===陷阱===
A trap, a snare
 
<!--T:150-->
Usages:
* 設下陷阱： to set a trap
* 掉（進/入）陷阱： to fall into a trap, to get trapped
 
== Additional Vocabulary == <!--T:35-->


<!--T:34-->
<!--T:34-->
=== 溫暖 vs 暖和 vs 溫馨 ===
* 溫暖 applies to people/behavior (friendly, caring, or kind) and weather/environment (warm)
* 溫暖 applies to people/behavior (friendly, caring, or kind) and weather/environment (warm)
* 暖和 means a warm weather or a warm environment
* 暖和 means a warm weather or a warm environment
* 溫馨 applies to relationships, meaning something like "sweet"
* 溫馨 applies to relationships, meaning something like "sweet"
== Additional Vocabulary == <!--T:35-->


<!--T:36-->
<!--T:36-->
==Grammar Notes==
==Grammar Notes==
===I. 與其 A…不如…B B rather than A===
===I. 與其 A…不如…B B rather than A===
In English, roughly: "A isn't as good as B"
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Colloquially 與其 can be omitted.
<!--T:152-->
* A and B can be verbs, nouns, or sentences
<!--T:4-->
===II. 就 on the contrary===
Usage: 就 + counterexample to another speaker's statement.
===III. A Summary of the Various Usages of 就=== <!--T:153-->
<!--T:5-->
# Consequential (a conditional expression + 就)
# Sooner than expected (time/event + 就)
# Sequential (A + 就 + B)
# Imminent (就要 + event (+ 了))
# Focus marker (said with heavy stress) (Simply/just/really)
# Merely/only (就 + time/quantity)
# Exceptional
<!--T:6-->
===IV. 別說A，就是B也… never mind A, even B is the case&#x2026;===
Used to express astonishment.
* A is something typically taken for granted
* B is something unusual but true


===II. 就 on the contrary=== <!--T:4-->
<!--T:154-->
===V. 簡直 to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if===
簡直 is similar to how "basically" is used when exaggerating in English, eg. "she's basically a genius"


===III. A Summary of the Various Usages of 就=== <!--T:5-->
<!--T:7-->
* hyperbolic expression
* Often 簡直+像/是/verb


===IV. 別說A，就是B也… never mind A, even B is the case&#x2026;=== <!--T:6-->
===VI. 不至於 but the situation would not be so bad as to&#x2026;=== <!--T:155-->


===V. 簡直 to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if=== <!--T:7-->
<!--T:8-->
* ...,(但還/所以/但也)不至於...


===VI. 不至於 but the situation would not be so bad as to&#x2026;=== <!--T:8-->
===VII. 往往 usually; tend to=== <!--T:156-->


===VII. 往往 usually; tend to=== <!--T:9-->
<!--T:9-->
* (add context), 往往...
* negation form: 往往不
* cannot be used in future tense


===VIII. Do Something Just for Fun V著玩=== <!--T:10-->
===VIII. Do Something Just for Fun V著玩=== <!--T:10-->
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Incorrect, mistake (Vs, N)
Incorrect, mistake (Vs, N)


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= Chapter 4 =
= Chapter 4 =
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary I==


===總算===
<!--T:158-->
===欸===
欸 has different meanings depending on the tone.
 
<!--T:159-->
2nd tone: 欸 (éi) "huh?"
 
<!--T:160-->
3rd tone: 欸 (ěi) (of an authority figure to an underling) "what is it that do you think you're doing?"
 
<!--T:161-->
4th tone: 欸 (èi) "hey!"
 
<!--T:162-->
===衣櫥===
Alternatively, 衣櫃
 
<!--T:163-->
===在意===
vs. 在乎：
 
<!--T:164-->
在意 means to mind something (it affects one's emotions)
 
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在乎 means to think something is important
 
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The difference is clearer in the negative:
 
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不在意 means to be unaffected by, or to not mind something
 
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不在乎 means to not care about something
 
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===角度===
A common phrase is 「站在X的角度…」, "to see it from X's perspective..."
 
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===學問===
Measure word: 門
 
<!--T:171-->
===脾氣===
To lose one's temper: 發脾氣
 
<!--T:172-->
===鏡子===
Measure word: 面
 
<!--T:173-->
===床腳===
Head of the bed: 床頭
 
<!--T:174-->
===把===
Also means "a handful of", eg. 「一把糖果」 "a handful of candy"
 
<!--T:175-->
===欺負===
Means "to tease" or "to pick on". 欺負 is less strong than 霸凌 (to bully).
 
==Vocabulary II== <!--T:176-->
 
<!--T:177-->
===西元===
BC: 前西元
 
<!--T:178-->
===本身===
Means itself/themself. Can refer to people, things, events.
 
==Grammar Notes== <!--T:179-->
 
<!--T:180-->
===I. 總算 finally, speaking roughly (in the ballpark)===
總算 vs. 終於：
總算 vs. 終於：
總算 can be used in place of 終於 to mean the same thing, "finally" or "at last".
總算 can be used in place of 終於 to mean the same thing, "finally" or "at last".


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總算 has an additional usage that 終於 does not have, meaning "at least" in the sense that a situation is imperfect but "at least" some result was achieved, even if not ideal. A common pattern is: 「雖然…但總算…」 "although... but at least...".
總算 has an additional usage that 終於 does not have, meaning "at least" in the sense that a situation is imperfect but "at least" some result was achieved, even if not ideal. A common pattern is: 「雖然…但總算…」 "although... but at least...".


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In this usage, the event must have happened in the past.
<!--T:183-->
For example:
For example:
Even though I didn't do perfectly on this test, but at least I did alright.
Even though I didn't do perfectly on this test, but at least I did alright.
「雖然這次考試也不是考的很好，但總算開可以」
「雖然這次考試也不是考的很好，但總算還可以」
 
<!--T:184-->
It is more natural to put the subject before 總算, eg. 「雖然成績不理想，但我總算考上了」
 
<!--T:185-->
===II. 還不過是 nothing more than===
This expression means that the speaker considers whatever follows as unexceptional or unremarkable. It can be considered slightly impolite if describing somebody else's activities. This expression is usually used in response to a question.
 
<!--T:186-->
===III. Outright Denial with 才===
This 才 is used to make an intense, angry refutation to some statement.
 
<!--T:187-->
There are two ways to respond to a statement with this grammar: (1) negate the original statement or (2) alter the subject of the original statement. It is incorrect to do both (1) and (2) at the same time. If the original statement is a negative (i.e. contains 不) the response MUST be a double negative.
 
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Example of negating the original statement (1):
 
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A: 聽說你喜歡小林
 
<!--T:190-->
B: 我才不喜歡他！
 
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Example of (1) with double negative:
 
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A：網購不安全，實體購物比較好
 
<!--T:193-->
B：網購才不是不安全！
 
<!--T:194-->
Example of altering the subject of the original statement (2):
 
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A：草莓冰淇淋最好吃
 
<!--T:196-->
B：巧克力冰淇淋才是最好吃!
 
===IV. A Summary of the Various Usages of 才=== <!--T:197-->
 
===V. 所謂（的）A是指B so called A refers to B=== <!--T:198-->
 
===VI. 一口氣=== <!--T:199-->
 
<!--T:200-->
===VII. 光A就… just A alone...===
Just/even A alone exceeds common expectations.
 
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This structure emphasizes the excessiveness or some situation using (A) as an example. If (A) is a particularly excessive example, the 光…就 pattern is identical to 連…都.
 
<!--T:202-->
Example of 光…就 having usage identical to 連…都:
 
<!--T:203-->
「最近房價那麼貴，聽說光有錢人就買不起房子」
 
<!--T:204-->
「最近房價那麼貴，聽說連有錢人都買不起房子」
 
<!--T:205-->
“Housing prices are so high lately that even rich people can't afford to buy a house
 
<!--T:206-->
Example where 光…就 cannot be swapped with 連…都 because the example (A) is not extreme:
 
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「最近好熱，光昨天就超過三十度」
 
<!--T:208-->
"It's been so hot recently, just yesterday it was over 30°"
 
<!--T:209-->
===VIII. Expressing Displeasure or Annoyance with 都===
Here 都 roughly translates as "already", (eg. "I've already waited for two hours!"). The speaker expresses annoyance that some aspect of the situation has exceeded a reasonable limit.
 
<!--T:210-->
「你都睡了十個鐘頭，怎麼還說很累？」
 
<!--T:211-->
"You already slept for 10 hours, how can you still be tired?"
 
==Additional Vocabulary== <!--T:212-->
 
<!--T:213-->
=Chapter 5=
==Vocabulary I==
===稀奇===
Means unusual, strange, eccentric. Can apply to good or bad situations.
vs. 難得：難得 refers to something that has already occurred an is desirable (i.e. rare).
===盲目===
To do something without regard，eg.
盲⽬升學：To blindly pursue studies
盲⽬跟隨：To blindly follow
盲⽬聽從：To blindly obey


<!--T:214-->
===逃避===
To evade responsibility
<!--T:215-->
==Vocabulary II==
==Vocabulary II==
==I. Rhetorical Question with 哪裡==
==II. 畢竟 after all==
==III. 的確 indeed==
==IV. 話說回來 however, on the other hand==
==V. NP之所以S₂是因為S₁ S₂ is due to S₁==
==VI. 根本 not...at all==
==VII. 更別說…了 let alone, never mind==
==VIII. 恨不得 one really wishes one could...==
==Additional Vocabulary==


==Grammar Notes==
<!--T:216-->
=Chapter 6=
==Vocabulary I==
===橋===
M: 座
 
<!--T:217-->
===強烈===
Used to describe weather, earthquakes, emotions, etc.
 
<!--T:218-->
===預先===
vs. 事先：事先 means "before a (serious) event". 預先 means "in advance" without connotations of disaster.
 
<!--T:219-->
===隨手===
Means "within easy reach" or "while you're there"
 
<!--T:220-->
===白===
# To do something in vain (eg. 報告白寫了, to write a report in vain)
# To do something without paying, often with negative connotations (eg. 白吃)
 
<!--T:221-->
===嫌===
To complain about, be bothered by, disdain, or resent a specific thing (requires an object)
==Vocabulary II==
===災害===
Disaster/damage from a disaster. Often 「災害帶來的…」
 
<!--T:222-->
Comparatively less serious in meaning than than 災難
 
<!--T:223-->
===災難===
A catastrophe. Used to describe huge or serious disasters (epidemic, war, earthquakes, etc.). Can also be used to describe personal disasters.
 
<!--T:224-->
===狀況===
Often used with 出 or 發生, eg.
 
<!--T:225-->
* 出新狀況
* 發生重大狀況
 
<!--T:226-->
===倒塌===
To collapse into pieces.
 
<!--T:227-->
vs. 倒下來： to tip over
 
<!--T:228-->
===平靜===
Non-emotional
 
==Additional Vocabulary== <!--T:229-->
 
<!--T:230-->
==I. 怎麼這麼 why so...?==
==II. Intensifying Adverb 多 how==
==III. The Various Functions of 多==
==IV. 白 in vain, for nothing==
==V. 總是 always==
==VI. The Various Meanings of the Verb Complement 下來==
==VII. 當…的時候 when, while, at the time of==
==VIII. 反而 on the contrary==
 
<!--T:231-->
=Chapter 7=
==Vocabulary I==
===交===
「交朋友」：To make friends in general Compare with 「做朋友」, which is used when becoming friends with a specific person.
 
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===約會===
V-sep, N: To make a date (with somebody). A date.
 
<!--T:233-->
Be careful, this means a date, not an appointment. To have an appointment is 「有會」
 
<!--T:234-->
===一生===
One's life. Cannot say 「我的一生」, as this implies you've died and are speaking from the afterlife. Use 「我的人生」 here instead.
 
<!--T:235-->
一生 has a similar meaning to 一輩子
 
<!--T:236-->
===至少===
Means "at least". Use before verbs or quantities.
 
<!--T:237-->
===實習===
To intern (V), an internship (N)
 
 
<!--T:238-->
==Vocabulary II==
===目光===
Means "gaze" when talking about attraction, love.
 
<!--T:239-->
Compare with 眼光, meaning ability to discern
 
<!--T:240-->
===於是===
Means "so" + "and then" 「所以」+ 「然後」
 
<!--T:241-->
===煩惱===
To be troubled, vexed (Vs). Troubles (N).
 
<!--T:242-->
===告白===
To confess love (not used for confessing to crimes).
 
<!--T:243-->
Usage: 「跟/向/對 X 告白」
 
<!--T:244-->
===交往===
To date. Usage: A跟B交往
 
<!--T:245-->
===忌妒/嫉妒===
忌妒 and 嫉妒 have the same pronunciation and very similar meanings. Native speakers might not know the difference.
 
<!--T:246-->
* 忌妒: jealous because somebody took something from me
* 嫉妒: envious because others have something I don't, or can do something I cannot
 
<!--T:247-->
===吃醋===
Usage: 「吃 X 的醋」 "to be jealous of X". Eg, a sibling getting better treatment.
 
<!--T:248-->
===吻===
To kiss romantically, french kissing
 
<!--T:249-->
vs. 親, a non-romantic kiss (eg. kiss a child)
 
<!--T:250-->
===一見鍾情===
Love at first sight.
 
<!--T:251-->
Usage: 「我對 X 一見鍾情」 "I was in love with X at first sight"
 
<!--T:252-->
==Additional Vocabulary==
===會議===
Meeting (N)
 
<!--T:253-->
===開會===
Have a meeting V-sep
 
 
<!--T:254-->
==I. 還 to my surprise==
Expresses surprise that something is more/better than one expected. This grammar can be perceived as being slightly insulting, because it implies the speaker had lower hopes.
 
<!--T:255-->
Eg. 「你的女朋友還很漂亮！」 "your girlfriend is actually pretty" (expressing surprise that she is pretty)
 
<!--T:256-->
Often this 還 is used with 真
 
<!--T:257-->
==II. Alternating Events with 一下…一下…==
In Taiwan often said as 一下子…一下子…
 
<!--T:258-->
==III.Various Fractions with A 分之 B==
Means <math>\frac{B}{A}</math>, i.e. "B out of A"
 
<!--T:259-->
==IV. 一連 without interruption, in rapid succession==
==V. To Have a Full Dosage of an Activity V個夠==
One-character verbs are better here from a style perspective
 
<!--T:260-->
==VI. 有助於 be conducive to==
==VII. 於是… thus, consequently==
==VIII. 向 to, toward==
 
<!--T:261-->
=Chapter 8=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
 
 
<!--T:262-->
=Chapter 9=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
 
=Chapter 10=
==Vocabulary I==
===以上/以下===
*x 以上："x (inclusive) and above", i.e. [x, ∞)
*x 以下："below (excluding) x", i.e. (-∞, x)
===磨練===
An opportunity to train/improve at something (N), to train (V). 磨練 implies with some difficulty.
===誇獎===
Praise, specifically from above, eg. boss to worker, parent to child
===就…而言===
Can be used anywhere 對…來說 is used. Extends beyond 對…來說 to non-people objects too.
==Vocabulary II==
===貸款===
A loan from a bank
* 房貸：mortgage
* 車貸：car loan
===技巧===
technique
===概念===
an understanding (of something)
===沙盤推演===
Used with eg. interviews, battles, plans. A dry run, a practice run, a mock version of something. Does not mean rehearsal of a play or performance since the actual event is expected to differ from the practice. Use 彩排 for a rehearsal of an exact performance.
==Additional Vocabulary==
===配得上/配不上===
Referring to somebody's prospective date/partner: "In the same league"/"not in the same league", or "worthy"/"not worthy".
 
==III. 似乎 it seems that, it gives somebody the impression that==
似乎 means the same thing as 「看起來好像」
 
==IV. Classical Chinese Preposition 以==
Similar to 用, but usage seems broader
 
==V. 是…的料 to be gifted in...==
Figuratively refers to being made of some material or fabric, similar to English's "cut out for". This pattern can optionally be used with a measure word, often 塊, meaning a piece of. Must be used with a verb phrase, i.e. when used with nouns, eg. 老師, then must be used with a verb such as 當.
 
Examples:
*「我不是當老師的料」： "I'm not cut out to be a teacher"
*「他真是（塊）做生意的料」： "He's really cut out for business"


=Chapter 11=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
==Additional Vocabulary==


=Chapter 12=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
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