Book 4/ja

Chapter 1

Vocabulary Notes

溫暖　人/行動　(良好的、思いやり、又は親切) そして天候/環境　（暖かい）　などに適用される

暖和 は暖かい天気、又は暖かい環境を意味する

溫馨　関係に適用される

Additional Vocabulary

Grammar Notes

I. 與其 A…不如…B B rather than A

就　反対に、それどころか

就の多様な使い方

別說A，就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である

簡直（簡単に言えば）まるで〜のようだ

不至於（しかし状況は）〜ほどではない

往往　いつも、大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである

楽しみのためにVする　V著玩

=== 穿著 chuānzhuó 衣服　=== 現在着用している服

避免，免得

演出者

熟

提

咳嗽

水準

Vocabulary II

仔細，細節，細心，粗心，用心

留意，注意

滿足，滿意

中場，終場

Additional Vocabulary

怎麼說呢？

聽眾

讀者

音楽を演奏するには：彈，拉，打

約束、仕事の成功、動詞が成功出来ることを示す 〜を成した、成功した

萬一　仮に、望ましくない事が発生した場合

III. 以為

副詞の可

免得　〜しないように

曾經　過去の経験、以前Vした

列挙を表す　等

所で動詞のマーキング

Chapter 3

Vocabulary I

划算

否定形：不划算

落差

使い方:A跟B有落差 / 很（大/小）的落差

Comparison of 落差 with 不同 and 差別:

落差 has a "not good enough" connotation and is used to compare good/bad or high/low, whereas 差別 and 不同 are neutral.

文化有差別 （文化的な違いがある）に否定的もしくはネガティブな意味は含まれていない

「聽說網路上有的圖片跟實際的商品落差很大……」（聞いた所によるとネットの写真と実物/実際の製品には大きな違いがあるみたいですね）この例文では実際手元に届いた製品がネットの写真ほど良くないことを意味する

仿冒品

対義語: 正品 か 正貨

「A貨」は主に香港や中国の市場で見かけることが多い

偽造品のランクの中で「A貨」は最上級を示す

資訊

資訊 vs. 資料: 資訊 is organized information/data, 資料 is raw or unorganized information/data.

疑問

使い方: 對X有疑問

後悔

後悔は動詞、形容詞である

使い方: 「我怕買了會後悔」買って後悔しそう 「我很後悔買那輛車」あの車を買ってとても後悔している

後悔と遺憾の違い：

後悔　修復可能な後悔を指す

遺憾（名詞）　”後悔”と比べてより深刻な状況を指す。加えて取り返しのつかないような状況下で使われる。例えば、誰かの死に対する責任と後悔。よくある言い回し「留下遺憾」

認證

Good verb usage:「經過認證」: "To undergo certification“

從前

”以前”に比べて更に前、昔の事を指す。

高齢者が自身の昔の経験、体験を話すとき”從前”が使われることが多い

通常

通常、一般的に。一般とほぼ互換性がある。

平常 vs. 通常:

• 平常: habitually, frequently --should have some details, eg. 「我平常早上八點運動」“I typically exercise at 8 am”, not 「我平常運動」(missing detail, implies exercising endlessly).

Vocabulary II

取代

取代 vs. 代替 vs. 替換:

• 取代: To replace (object), long-term or forever. Example： 「現代人用電子郵件取代筆紙寫信」: "modern people use email as a replacement for writing letters with pen and paper"
• 代替: To substitute (temporarily), eg. substitute honey for sugar when cooking
• 替換: To exchange or replace an object (often a broken object; eg. a car's tire) with another

影集

影集 vs. 連續劇:

• 影集 is an episodic TV show (often the same characters every episode but each episode is a self-contained story)
• 連續劇 is a serial TV show, meaning a long single story that progresses across different episodes

取得

Usage: 取得+object

取得 is formal and must be used with "formal" objects or abstract objects.

Examples:

• 取得資格: To obtain a qualification (by taking a course, passing an examination, etc.)
• 取得學位: To be granted an academic degree
• 取得資料: To access information

Negation: 無法取得+object (cannot get object)

查詢

Meaning to look up, query, consult, inquire, or check by asking other people/a search engine.

Incorrect to use 查詢 with eg. looking up a word's definition or other simple activities.

避開

To avoid (by staying away from, taking a different route, using a different method)

Examples:

• 避開路段: Avoid a section of road by going around
• 避開（情況/東西/人）: To avoid something (a situation, an object, a person) by staying away
• 避開問題: To avoid encountering a problem (by doing something else)

若

Same usage and meaning as 如果

例子

Common phrase: 「舉個例子來說……」: "take for example..."

過度

To be overly-something, eg.

• 過度使用：To overuse
• 過度負責：To overcomplicate
• 過度認真：Overly serious

此外

Better translated as "besides this...". 此 means "this".

戶外

Antonym of 室內 (indoors)

人類

As opposed to 動物

沉迷

To be obsessed, to the point of negatively affecting other parts of life.

沉：To sink, opposite of 浮 (to float).

沉浸：to be steeped in, immersed in, an expert at (no negative connotation).

Grammar Notes

I. 何必 why must

A rhetorical question, "does one really need to... ?" in response to a statement.

Usage: <reason/excuse> + 何必 + <action from original statement>

Example: 「臺北有捷運，你和必買車呢？」 "Taipei has MRT, do you really need to buy a car?"

II. 不見的 not necessarily

Cannot be used to answer 「有沒有」，「是不是」 type questions. For those, use 「不一定」.

III. 嘛 isn't it obvious that

IV. Verb Particle 慣

Usage:

• V得慣，V不慣
• V慣了，沒V慣

看不慣 means to disapprove of, to dislike.

Colloquial use: 「V不太慣 」, meaning not quite used to Ving.

Examples:

• 「我做不慣家事」 "I'm not used to doing housework"
• 「我住慣了鄉下了」 "I've gotten used to living in the countryside"

V. Verb Complement 動 capable of causing movement

A verb complement indicating the ability or inability of moving.

Can only be used in potential (V得動，V不動) forms.

Can only be used with movement related verbs, eg. 走，跑，拿，般，玩，開 (of a car)，跳，etc.

動 (able to move) vs. 了 (capable of action)

• 「我很累，現在走不動」：I'm too tired to walk anymore
• 「風太大了，我們走不了」：It's too windy, we are unable to leave

Examples:

• 「你一個人搬得動嗎？」 are you able to move it by yourself?
• 「他受傷了，恐怕跑不動」 he was injured and may be unable to run
• 「拿得動」 can pick it up, 「拿不動」 cannot pick it up

VI. 無形中 without knowing it, and before you know it

VII. 此外 in addition, furthermore

此外 can be expanded into 除此之外

More precisely 此外 means "besides this..."

Often followed by 也 (something) or 還 (something)

VIII. 總而言之 in short

Means in conclusion, or in short. What follows is a summary or brief conclusion based on prior statements.

Can be abbreviated to 總之

Additional Vocabulary

容量

Storage space, i.e. GB, TB.

宅，宅男/宅女

宅 (Vs) describes somebody or some activity as being oriented around staying at home for entertainment. Examples are 宅 things are playing video games, reading manga, watching TV or movies, etc.

宅男/宅女 (N) is a person who does 宅 things habitually, a homebody.

C/P值

C/P ostensibly stands for Capability to Price ratio. C/P高 means a good value, "more bang for your buck“.

割

割 means to cut

• 割掉: to cut off, sever

解約

To end/terminate a contract

違約金

Penalty for terminating a contract

原單

Unauthorized factory extras, aka midnight shift products

撿起來

To pick up off the ground

追劇

To follow/binge watch a TV series

過癮

To satisfy a craving, enjoy oneself, gratifying, satisfying

刪除

To delete

封鎖

To block (somebody's account)

正本

Original copy

影本

Photocopy (N)

影印

Photocopy (V)

崇拜

To idolize, worship

物資

Goods, materials

筆電

Laptop computer, shortened from 筆記型電腦

家常便飯

Commonplace，ordinary

而言

Speaking of, regarding (same as 來說)

取捨

受け入れるか断る（の判断をする）；選択する

駕照

運転免許証

看不慣

To disapprove, dislike

入睡

To go to sleep

打呼

To snore

回答 vs. 答案

• 回答: (V,N) Answer
• 答案: (N) The solution, correct answer, eg. to a test problem.

正確

Correct, right, proper (Vs)

Antonym of 錯誤.

錯誤

Incorrect, mistake (Vs, N)