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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Book 4}}<languages/>
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= 第１章 =
== 単語 ==
=== 溫暖 vs 暖和 vs 溫馨 ===
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===上癮===
To be addicted (to something).
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Usages:
* 她對（某個東西）上癮: she is addicted to (something)
* 她看恐怖片看上癮了: she is addicted to watching horror movies
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===刺激===
Stimulating (Vs), to stimulate (V), stimulation (N).
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== Vocabulary II ==
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===寂寞===
Lonely and isolated feeling (but not necessarily physically alone).
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Compare with 孤單, which means "alone".
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===網友===
Literally "online friend", but often implies online dating
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===陪伴===
To keep somebody company
Usages:
* 他陪伴（某個人）: he accompanies (somebody)
* 他是她的陪伴: he is her companion
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===紓解===
To relieve (pressure, stress). See also 減輕 (to reduce).
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===轉換===
Often used with:
* 心情：「轉換心情」 "to change one's mood"
* 跑道：「轉換跑道」 "to change one's path (in life)"
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===虛擬===
Virtual or fictional. Opposite of 現實.
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===現實===
Actual, real. Opposite of 虛擬. Means "materialistic" and carries a negative connotation if used to describe a person (use 實際 instead to mean "practical" or "realistic" without the negative connotation).
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===期待===
Expectations (N), to look forward to or be excited for an upcoming event (V)
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Usages:
* 喘喘氣
* 喘一口氣 (V-sep)
* 很喘 (Vs)
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===懂得===
To comprehend, to understand.
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Used to describe experience-based understanding of something complex. Cannot be used as drop-in replacement for 懂.
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===陷阱===
A trap, a snare
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Usages:
* 設下陷阱： to set a trap
* 掉（進/入）陷阱： to fall into a trap, to get trapped
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<span id="Additional_Vocabulary"></span>
==単語==

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*溫暖　人/行動　(良好的、思いやり、又は親切) そして天候/環境　（暖かい）　などに適用される
*暖和 は暖かい天気、又は暖かい環境を意味する
*溫馨　関係に適用される
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===I. 與其 A…不如…B AよりはむしろB===
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Colloquially 與其 can be omitted.
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* A and B can be verbs, nouns, or sentences
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===II. 就 反対に、それどころか===
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===III. A Summary of the Various Usages of 就===
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===III. 就の多様な使い方　===
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===IV. 別說A，就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である===
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===V. 簡直 to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if===
簡直 is similar to how "basically" is used when exaggerating in English, eg. "she's basically a genius"
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===V. 簡直（簡単に言えば）まるで〜のようだ===
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===VI. 不至於 but the situation would not be so bad as to&#x2026;===
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===VI. 不至於（しかし状況は）〜ほどではない===
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===VII. 往往 usually; tend to===
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===VII. 往往　大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである===
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<span id="VIII._Do_Something_Just_for_Fun_V著玩"></span>
===VIII. 楽しみのためにVする　V著玩===

=第２章=
==単語 I==
===穿著 chuānzhuó 衣服、服装===

==単語　II==

===仔細，細節，細心，粗心，用心===

=追加の単語==

<span id="To_play_a_musical_instrument:_彈，拉，打"></span>
===楽器を演奏する時：彈，拉，打===

==文法表現==
===I.〜を成した、成功した===

<span id="II._萬一_supposing,_in_the_event_of_something_negative"></span>
===II. 萬一　仮に、望ましくない事が発生した場合===

<span id="IV._Adverb_可"></span>
===IV.副詞の可===

<span id="V._免得_lest,_so_as_to_avoid"></span>
===V. 免得　〜しないように===

<span id="VI._曾經_experience_in_the_past,_V&#039;ed_before"></span>
===VI.曾經　過去の経験、以前Vした===

<span id="VII._Enumeration_Particle_等_etc…"></span>
===VII. 列挙を表す　等===

<span id="VIII._Marking_a_Verb_with_the_Particle_所"></span>
=== III. 所で動詞のマーキング===

=第３章=
== 単語I ==

===划算===
否定形：不划算

===落差===
使い方:A跟B有落差 / 很（大/小）的落差

落差、不同、差別の違い:

「落差」には”十分ではない”という意味合いが含まれているのに対して「差別」と「不同」は中立の立場にある。

文化有差別 （文化的な違いがある）に否定的もしくはネガティブな意味は含まれていない

「聽說網路上有的圖片跟實際的商品落差很大……」（聞いた所によるとネットの写真と実物/実際の製品には大きな違いがあるみたいですね）この例文では実際手元に届いた製品がネットの写真ほど良くないことを意味する

===仿冒品===
対義語: 正品 か 正貨

「A貨」は主に香港や中国の市場で見かけることが多い

偽造品のランクの中で「A貨」は最上級を示す

===資訊===
資訊と資料の違い

資訊は組織化されたデータ/情報
資料はローデータ/資訊と違い組織化されていないデータ

===疑問===
使い方: 對X有疑問

===後悔===
後悔は動詞、形容詞である

使い方: 「我怕買了會後悔」買って後悔しそう
「我很後悔買那輛車」あの車を買ってとても後悔している

後悔と遺憾の違い：

*後悔　修復可能な後悔を指す

*遺憾（名詞）　”後悔”と比べてより深刻な状況を指す。加えて取り返しのつかないような状況下で使われる。例えば、誰かの死に対する責任と後悔。よくある言い回し「留下遺憾」

===認證===
「經過認證」: "認証を受ける/通り抜ける“

===從前===

”以前”に比べて更に前、昔の事を指す。

高齢者が自身の昔の経験、体験を話すとき”從前”が使われることが多い

===通常===
通常、一般的に。一般とほぼ互換性がある。

平常と通常：

*平常：習慣的に、頻繁に（いくつかの詳細が必要）例文：「我平常早上八點運動」”私は通常、朝8時に運動します”

「我平常運動」の場合、詳細や情報が含まれていないため間違った文章となる。この例文においては止め処なく運動することを意味する。

<span id="Vocabulary_II"></span>
==単語 II==

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===取代===
取代 vs. 代替 vs. 替換:
* 取代: To replace (object), long-term or forever. Example： 「現代人用電子郵件取代筆紙寫信」: "modern people use email as a replacement for writing letters with pen and paper"
* 代替: To substitute (temporarily), eg. substitute honey for sugar when cooking
* 替換: To exchange or replace an object (often a broken object; eg. a car's tire) with another
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===影集===
影集 vs. 連續劇:
* 影集 is an episodic TV show (often the same characters every episode but each episode is a self-contained story)
* 連續劇 is a serial TV show, meaning a long single story that progresses across different episodes
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===取得===
使い方: 取得+目的語

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取得 is formal and must be used with "formal" objects or abstract objects.
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例：

*取得資格：資格を取得する
*取得學位：学位を取得する
*取得資料：情報を得る

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Negation: 無法取得+object (cannot get object)
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=== 查詢 ===
Meaning to look up, query, consult, inquire, or check ''by asking other people/a search engine.''
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Incorrect to use 查詢 with eg. looking up a word's definition or other simple activities.
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===避開===
To avoid (by staying away from, taking a different route, using a different method)
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Examples:
* 避開路段: Avoid a section of road by going around
* 避開（情況/東西/人）: To avoid something (a situation, an object, a person) by staying away
* 避開問題: To avoid encountering a problem (by doing something else)
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=== 若 ===
「如果」と同じ意味と使い方

=== 例子 ===
よくある言い回し：「舉個例子來說……」：”例えば/例えると...”

=== 過度 ===
過度に何かをする

* 過度使用：過度に使う
* 過度負責：
* 過度認真：過度に真剣/真面目

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===此外===
Better translated as "besides this...". 此 means "this".
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=== 戶外 ===
「室內」の対義語

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=== 人類 ===
As opposed to 動物
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=== 沉迷 ===
To be obsessed, to the point of negatively affecting other parts of life.
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沉：沈む 浮の反対.

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沉浸：to be steeped in, immersed in, an expert at (no negative connotation).
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<span id="Grammar_Notes"></span>
==文法表現==

===I. 何必 何故〜なのか、何故〜しなければいけないのか===
修辞疑問（答えを求めていない）”〜する必要があるのか？” 話し手の意図している事をあえて疑問文で述べている。

使い方：＜原因＞＋何必＋＜動詞＞

例文：「外面天氣那麼好應該出去走走，何必在家看電視？」
（外の天気があんなにも良いんだから外に出かけた方がいい、どうして/何故家でテレビを見る必要があるのか？）

「臺北有捷運，你和必買車呢？」
（台北にはMRTあるのに、あなたはどうして車を買う必要があるのか？/本当に車を買う必要があるのか？）

===II. 不見得 〜だとは限らない===
「有沒有」，「是不是」の様な形式の質問には使うことができない。その場合には「不一定」が使われる。

<span id="III._嘛_isn&#039;t_it_obvious_that"></span>
===III. 嘛 明らかじゃないですか、〜ではないですか===

===IV. V動詞＋慣===
使い方：

看不慣：否認/否定する、嫌う

口語的表現：「V（動詞）不太慣」、Vすることにあまり慣れていない

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Examples:
</div>

*「我做不慣家事」：（家事（をすること）に慣れていない）
*「我住慣了鄉下了」：（田舎に住むのも慣れた）

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===V. Verb Complement 動 capable of causing movement===
A verb complement indicating the ability or inability of moving.
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'''Can only be used in potential (V得動，V不動) forms.'''
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Can only be used with movement related verbs, eg. 走，跑，拿，般，玩，開 (of a car)，跳，etc.
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動 (able to move) vs. 了 (capable of action)
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* 「我很累，現在走不動」：I'm too tired to walk anymore
* 「風太大了，我們走不了」：It's too windy, we are unable to leave
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Examples:
</div>

* 「你一個人搬得動嗎？」 
* 「他受傷了，恐怕跑不動」 
* 「拿得動」 , 「拿不動」

<span id="VI._無形中_without_knowing_it,_and_before_you_know_it"></span>
===VI. 無形中 知らないうちに、いつの間にか===

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===VII. 此外 in addition, furthermore===
此外 can be expanded into 除此之外
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More precisely 此外 means "besides this..."
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Often followed by 也 (something) or 還 (something)
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===VIII. 總而言之 つまり===
意味はつまり、省略するとになる。「總而言之」に続く文は前の文と関連付け、結論を述べるために使われる

「總之」に省略できる

<span id="Additional_Vocabulary"></span>
==単語==

===容量===
容量、ボリューム

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===宅，宅男/宅女===
宅 (Vs) describes somebody or some activity as being oriented around staying at home for entertainment. Examples are 宅 things are playing video games, reading manga, watching TV or movies, etc.
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宅男/宅女 (N) is a person who does 宅 things habitually, a homebody.
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===C/P值===
C/P ostensibly stands for Capability to Price ratio. C/P高 means a good value, "more bang for your buck“.
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===割===
割 means to cut
* 割掉: to cut off, sever
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===解約===
解約、契約を終了する

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===違約金===
Penalty for terminating a contract
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===原單===
Unauthorized factory extras, aka midnight shift products
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===撿起來===
地面から拾う

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===追劇===
To follow/binge watch a TV series
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===過癮===
To satisfy a craving, enjoy oneself, gratifying, satisfying
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===刪除===
消去、削除する

===封鎖===
封鎖する（SNS上で誰かのアカウントをブロックする時にも使われる）

===正本===
原本

===影本===
コピー（名刺）

===影印===
コピー（動詞）、コピーする

===崇拜===
崇拝する

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===物資===
Goods, materials
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===筆電===
Laptop computer, shortened from 筆記型電腦
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===家常便飯===
Commonplace，ordinary
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===而言===
Speaking of, regarding (same as 來說)
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===取捨===
受け入れるか断る（の判断をする）；選択する

===駕照===
運転免許証

===看不慣===
否定する、嫌う

===入睡===
眠りにつく

===打呼===
いびきをかく

===回答と答案===
*回答:（動詞、名詞）答え
*答案:（名詞）解決策、正しい答え

===正確===
正しい、適切な（形容詞）

錯誤の対義語

===錯誤===
不正解、間違い（形容詞、名詞）

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= Chapter 4 =
==Vocabulary I==
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===欸===
欸 has different meanings depending on the tone.
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3rd tone: 欸 (ěi) (of an authority figure to an underling) "what is it that do you think you're doing?"
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===衣櫥===
Alternatively, 衣櫃
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在意 means to mind something (it affects one's emotions)
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在乎 means to think something is important
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The difference is clearer in the negative:
</div>

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不在意 means to be unaffected by, or to not mind something
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不在乎 means to not care about something
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===角度===
A common phrase is 「站在X的角度…」, "to see it from X's perspective..."
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===學問===
Measure word: 門
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===脾氣===
To lose one's temper: 發脾氣
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===鏡子===
Measure word: 面
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===把===
Also means "a handful of", eg. 「一把糖果」 "a handful of candy"
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===欺負===
Means "to tease" or "to pick on". 欺負 is less strong than 霸凌 (to bully).
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==Vocabulary II==
</div>

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===本身===
Means itself/themself. Can refer to people, things, events.
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==Grammar Notes==
</div>

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===I. 總算 finally, speaking roughly (in the ballpark)===
總算 vs. 終於：
總算 can be used in place of 終於 to mean the same thing, "finally" or "at last".
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總算 has an additional usage that 終於 does not have, meaning "at least" in the sense that a situation is imperfect but "at least" some result was achieved, even if not ideal. A common pattern is: 「雖然…但總算…」 "although... but at least...".
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In this usage, the event must have happened in the past.
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For example:
Even though I didn't do perfectly on this test, but at least I did alright.
「雖然這次考試也不是考的很好，但總算還可以」
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It is more natural to put the subject before 總算, eg. 「雖然成績不理想，但我總算考上了」
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===II. 還不過是 nothing more than===
This expression means that the speaker considers whatever follows as unexceptional or unremarkable. It can be considered slightly impolite if describing somebody else's activities. This expression is usually used in response to a question.
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===III. Outright Denial with 才===
This 才 is used to make an intense, angry refutation to some statement.
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There are two ways to respond to a statement with this grammar: (1) negate the original statement or (2) alter the subject of the original statement. It is incorrect to do both (1) and (2) at the same time. If the original statement is a negative (i.e. contains 不) the response MUST be a double negative.
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Example of negating the original statement (1):
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A: 聽說你喜歡小林
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B: 我才不喜歡他！
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Example of (1) with double negative:
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A：網購不安全，實體購物比較好
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B：網購才不是不安全！
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Example of altering the subject of the original statement (2):
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A：草莓冰淇淋最好吃
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B：巧克力冰淇淋才是最好吃!
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===IV. A Summary of the Various Usages of 才===
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===V. 所謂（的）A是指B so called A refers to B===
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===VII. 光A就… just A alone...===
Just/even A alone exceeds common expectations.
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This structure emphasizes the excessiveness or some situation using (A) as an example. If (A) is a particularly excessive example, the 光…就 pattern is identical to 連…都.
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Example of 光…就 having usage identical to 連…都:
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「最近房價那麼貴，聽說光有錢人就買不起房子」
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「最近房價那麼貴，聽說連有錢人都買不起房子」
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“Housing prices are so high lately that even rich people can't afford to buy a house
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Example where 光…就 cannot be swapped with 連…都 because the example (A) is not extreme:
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「最近好熱，光昨天就超過三十度」
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"It's been so hot recently, just yesterday it was over 30°"
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===VIII. Expressing Displeasure or Annoyance with 都===
Here 都 roughly translates as "already", (eg. "I've already waited for two hours!"). The speaker expresses annoyance that some aspect of the situation has exceeded a reasonable limit.
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「你都睡了十個鐘頭，怎麼還說很累？」
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"You already slept for 10 hours, how can you still be tired?"
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==Additional Vocabulary==
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=Chapter 5=
==Vocabulary I==
===稀奇===
Means unusual, strange, eccentric. Can apply to good or bad situations.
vs. 難得：難得 refers to something that has already occurred an is desirable (i.e. rare).
===盲目===
To do something without regard，eg.
盲⽬升學：To blindly pursue studies
盲⽬跟隨：To blindly follow
盲⽬聽從：To blindly obey
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===逃避===
To evade responsibility
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==Vocabulary II==
==I. Rhetorical Question with 哪裡==
==II. 畢竟 after all==
==III. 的確 indeed==
==IV. 話說回來 however, on the other hand==
==V. NP之所以S₂是因為S₁ S₂ is due to S₁==
==VI. 根本 not...at all==
==VII. 更別說…了 let alone, never mind==
==VIII. 恨不得 one really wishes one could...==
==Additional Vocabulary==
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=Chapter 6=
==Vocabulary I==
===橋===
M: 座
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===強烈===
Used to describe weather, earthquakes, emotions, etc.
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===預先===
vs. 事先：事先 means "before a (serious) event". 預先 means "in advance" without connotations of disaster.
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===隨手===
Means "within easy reach" or "while you're there"
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===白===
# To do something in vain (eg. 報告白寫了, to write a report in vain)
# To do something without paying, often with negative connotations (eg. 白吃)
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===嫌===
To complain about, be bothered by, disdain, or resent a specific thing (requires an object)
==Vocabulary II==
===災害===
Disaster/damage from a disaster. Often 「災害帶來的…」
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Comparatively less serious in meaning than than 災難
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===災難===
A catastrophe. Used to describe huge or serious disasters (epidemic, war, earthquakes, etc.). Can also be used to describe personal disasters.
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===狀況===
Often used with 出 or 發生, eg.
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* 出新狀況
* 發生重大狀況
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===倒塌===
To collapse into pieces.
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===平靜===
Non-emotional
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==Additional Vocabulary==
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==I. 怎麼這麼 why so...?==
==II. Intensifying Adverb 多 how==
==III. The Various Functions of 多==
==IV. 白 in vain, for nothing==
==V. 總是 always==
==VI. The Various Meanings of the Verb Complement 下來==
==VII. 當…的時候 when, while, at the time of==
==VIII. 反而 on the contrary==
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=Chapter 7=
==Vocabulary I==
===交===
「交朋友」：To make friends in general Compare with 「做朋友」, which is used when becoming friends with a specific person.
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===約會===
V-sep, N: To make a date (with somebody). A date.
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Be careful, this means a date, not an appointment. To have an appointment is 「有會」
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===一生===
One's life. Cannot say 「我的一生」, as this implies you've died and are speaking from the afterlife. Use 「我的人生」 here instead.
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一生 has a similar meaning to 一輩子
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===至少===
Means "at least". Use before verbs or quantities.
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===實習===
To intern (V), an internship (N)
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==Vocabulary II==
===目光===
Means "gaze" when talking about attraction, love.
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Compare with 眼光, meaning ability to discern
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===於是===
Means "so" + "and then" 「所以」+ 「然後」
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===煩惱===
To be troubled, vexed (Vs). Troubles (N).
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===告白===
To confess love (not used for confessing to crimes).
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Usage: 「跟/向/對 X 告白」
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===交往===
To date. Usage: A跟B交往
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===忌妒/嫉妒===
忌妒 and 嫉妒 have the same pronunciation and very similar meanings. Native speakers might not know the difference.
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* 忌妒: jealous because somebody took something from me
* 嫉妒: envious because others have something I don't, or can do something I cannot
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===吃醋===
Usage: 「吃 X 的醋」 "to be jealous of X". Eg, a sibling getting better treatment.
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===吻===
To kiss romantically, french kissing
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vs. 親, a non-romantic kiss (eg. kiss a child)
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===一見鍾情===
Love at first sight.
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Usage: 「我對 X 一見鍾情」 "I was in love with X at first sight"
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==Additional Vocabulary==
===會議===
Meeting (N)
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===開會===
Have a meeting V-sep
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==I. 還 to my surprise==
Expresses surprise that something is more/better than one expected. This grammar can be perceived as being slightly insulting, because it implies the speaker had lower hopes.
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Eg. 「你的女朋友還很漂亮！」 "your girlfriend is actually pretty" (expressing surprise that she is pretty)
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Often this 還 is used with 真
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==II. Alternating Events with 一下…一下…==
In Taiwan often said as 一下子…一下子…
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==III.Various Fractions with A 分之 B==
Means <math>\frac{B}{A}</math>, i.e. "B out of A"
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==IV. 一連 without interruption, in rapid succession==
==V. To Have a Full Dosage of an Activity V個夠==
One-character verbs are better here from a style perspective
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==VI. 有助於 be conducive to==
==VII. 於是… thus, consequently==
==VIII. 向 to, toward==
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=Chapter 8=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Chapter 9=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
</div>

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