當代中文 Study Guide

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Book 4 (view source)

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=== 溫暖 vs 暖和 vs 溫馨 ===
=== 溫暖 vs 暖和 vs 溫馨 ===


<!--T:34-->
* 溫暖 applies to people/behavior (friendly, caring, or kind) and weather/environment (warm)
* 溫暖 applies to people/behavior (friendly, caring, or kind) and weather/environment (warm)
* 暖和 means a warm weather or a warm environment
* 暖和 means a warm weather or a warm environment
* 溫馨 applies to relationships, meaning something like "sweet"
* 溫馨 applies to relationships, meaning something like "sweet"


== Additional Vocabulary ==
== Additional Vocabulary == <!--T:35-->


<!--T:36-->
==Grammar Notes==
==Grammar Notes==
===I. 與其 A…不如…B B rather than A===
===I. 與其 A…不如…B B rather than A===
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<!--T:37-->
=Chapter 3=
=Chapter 3=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary I==


<!--T:38-->
===划算===
===划算===
Negation: 不划算
Negation: 不划算


<!--T:39-->
===落差===
===落差===
Usage: A根B有落差 / 很（大/小）的落差
Usage: A根B有落差 / 很（大/小）的落差


<!--T:40-->
Comparison of 落差 with 不同 and 差別:
Comparison of 落差 with 不同 and 差別:


<!--T:41-->
落差 has a "not good enough" connotation and is used to compare good/bad or high/low, whereas 差別 and 不同 are neutral.
落差 has a "not good enough" connotation and is used to compare good/bad or high/low, whereas 差別 and 不同 are neutral.


<!--T:42-->
Eg. 文化有差別 (there are cultural differences) does not have a negative connotation.
Eg. 文化有差別 (there are cultural differences) does not have a negative connotation.


<!--T:43-->
「聽說網路上有的圖片跟實際的商品落差很大……」(I've heard there's sometimes a big difference between the photos online and the actual products) implies the actual products are not as good as the ones in the online photos.
「聽說網路上有的圖片跟實際的商品落差很大……」(I've heard there's sometimes a big difference between the photos online and the actual products) implies the actual products are not as good as the ones in the online photos.


<!--T:44-->
===仿冒品===
===仿冒品===
Antonym (genuine product): 正品 or 正貨
Antonym (genuine product): 正品 or 正貨


<!--T:45-->
May see 「A貨」 in markets in HK or China, meaning highest-grade counterfeit.
May see 「A貨」 in markets in HK or China, meaning highest-grade counterfeit.


<!--T:46-->
===資訊===
===資訊===
資訊 vs. 資料: 資訊 is organized information/data, 資料 is raw or unorganized information/data.
資訊 vs. 資料: 資訊 is organized information/data, 資料 is raw or unorganized information/data.


<!--T:47-->
===疑問===
===疑問===
Usage: 對X有疑問
Usage: 對X有疑問


<!--T:48-->
===後悔===
===後悔===
後悔 is both V and Vs.
後悔 is both V and Vs.


<!--T:49-->
Usage: 「我怕買了會後悔」 "I am afraid I will regret buying it". 「我很後悔買那輛車」 "I regret buying that car".
Usage: 「我怕買了會後悔」 "I am afraid I will regret buying it". 「我很後悔買那輛車」 "I regret buying that car".


<!--T:50-->
後悔 vs. 遺憾:
後悔 vs. 遺憾:
* 後悔 refers to remediable regrets, eg. missing a concert
* 後悔 refers to remediable regrets, eg. missing a concert
* 遺憾 is more serious, is a noun and is used with unfixable situations, eg. feeling responsible and regretful for someone's death. A common phrase is 「留下遺憾」 "to have regrets/remorse".
* 遺憾 is more serious, is a noun and is used with unfixable situations, eg. feeling responsible and regretful for someone's death. A common phrase is 「留下遺憾」 "to have regrets/remorse".


<!--T:51-->
===認證===
===認證===
Good verb usage:「經過認證」: "To undergo certification“
Good verb usage:「經過認證」: "To undergo certification“


<!--T:52-->
===從前===
===從前===
A very long time ago, much longer than 以前. An elderly person may use 從前 to talk about their youth.
A very long time ago, much longer than 以前. An elderly person may use 從前 to talk about their youth.


<!--T:53-->
===通常===
===通常===
Meaning generally, typically. Almost interchangeable with 一般. Weaker than 一向 in most situations.
Meaning generally, typically. Almost interchangeable with 一般. Weaker than 一向 in most situations.


<!--T:54-->
平常 vs. 通常:
平常 vs. 通常:
* 平常: habitually, frequently --should have some details, eg. 「我平常早上八點運動」“I typically exercise at 8 am”, not 「我平常運動」(missing detail, implies exercising endlessly).
* 平常: habitually, frequently --should have some details, eg. 「我平常早上八點運動」“I typically exercise at 8 am”, not 「我平常運動」(missing detail, implies exercising endlessly).


==Vocabulary II==
==Vocabulary II== <!--T:55-->


<!--T:56-->
===取代===
===取代===
取代 vs. 代替 vs. 替換:
取代 vs. 代替 vs. 替換:
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* 替換: To exchange or replace an object (often a broken object; eg. a car's tire) with another
* 替換: To exchange or replace an object (often a broken object; eg. a car's tire) with another


<!--T:57-->
===影集===
===影集===
影集 vs. 連續劇:
影集 vs. 連續劇:
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* 連續劇 is a serial TV show, meaning a long single story that progresses across different episodes
* 連續劇 is a serial TV show, meaning a long single story that progresses across different episodes


<!--T:58-->
===取得===
===取得===
Usage: 取得+object
Usage: 取得+object


<!--T:59-->
取得 is formal and must be used with "formal" objects or abstract objects.
取得 is formal and must be used with "formal" objects or abstract objects.


<!--T:60-->
Examples:
Examples:
* 取得資格: To obtain a qualification (by taking a course, passing an examination, etc.)
* 取得資格: To obtain a qualification (by taking a course, passing an examination, etc.)
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* 取得資料: To access information
* 取得資料: To access information


<!--T:61-->
Negation: 無法取得+object (cannot get object)
Negation: 無法取得+object (cannot get object)


<!--T:62-->
=== 查詢 ===
=== 查詢 ===
Meaning to look up, query, consult, inquire, or check ''by asking other people/a search engine.''
Meaning to look up, query, consult, inquire, or check ''by asking other people/a search engine.''


<!--T:63-->
Incorrect to use 查詢 with eg. looking up a word's definition or other simple activities.
Incorrect to use 查詢 with eg. looking up a word's definition or other simple activities.


<!--T:64-->
===避開===
===避開===
To avoid (by staying away from, taking a different route, using a different method)
To avoid (by staying away from, taking a different route, using a different method)


<!--T:65-->
Examples:
Examples:
* 避開路段: Avoid a section of road by going around
* 避開路段: Avoid a section of road by going around
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* 避開問題: To avoid encountering a problem (by doing something else)
* 避開問題: To avoid encountering a problem (by doing something else)


<!--T:66-->
=== 若 ===
=== 若 ===
Same usage and meaning as 如果
Same usage and meaning as 如果


<!--T:67-->
=== 例子 ===
=== 例子 ===
Common phrase: 「舉個例子來說……」: "take for example..."
Common phrase: 「舉個例子來說……」: "take for example..."


<!--T:68-->
=== 過度 ===
=== 過度 ===
To be overly-something, eg.
To be overly-something, eg.


<!--T:69-->
* 過度使用：To overuse
* 過度使用：To overuse
* 過度負責：To overcomplicate
* 過度負責：To overcomplicate
* 過度認真：Overly serious
* 過度認真：Overly serious


<!--T:70-->
===此外===
===此外===
Better translated as "besides this...". 此 means "this".
Better translated as "besides this...". 此 means "this".


<!--T:71-->
=== 戶外 ===
=== 戶外 ===
Antonym of 室內 (indoors)
Antonym of 室內 (indoors)


<!--T:72-->
=== 人類 ===
=== 人類 ===
As opposed to 動物
As opposed to 動物


<!--T:73-->
=== 沉迷 ===
=== 沉迷 ===
To be obsessed, to the point of negatively affecting other parts of life.
To be obsessed, to the point of negatively affecting other parts of life.


<!--T:74-->
沉：To sink, opposite of 浮 (to float).
沉：To sink, opposite of 浮 (to float).


<!--T:75-->
沉浸：to be steeped in, immersed in, an expert at (no negative connotation).
沉浸：to be steeped in, immersed in, an expert at (no negative connotation).


==Grammar Notes==
==Grammar Notes== <!--T:76-->


<!--T:77-->
===I. 何必 why must===
===I. 何必 why must===
A rhetorical question, "does one really need to... ?" in response to a statement.
A rhetorical question, "does one really need to... ?" in response to a statement.


<!--T:78-->
Usage: <reason/excuse> + 何必 + <action from original statement>
Usage: <reason/excuse> + 何必 + <action from original statement>


<!--T:79-->
Example: 「臺北有捷運，你和必買車呢？」 "Taipei has MRT, do you really need to buy a car?"
Example: 「臺北有捷運，你和必買車呢？」 "Taipei has MRT, do you really need to buy a car?"


<!--T:80-->
===II. 不見的 not necessarily===
===II. 不見的 not necessarily===
Cannot be used to answer 「有沒有」，「是不是」  type questions. For those, use 「不一定」.
Cannot be used to answer 「有沒有」，「是不是」  type questions. For those, use 「不一定」.


===III. 嘛 isn't it obvious that===
===III. 嘛 isn't it obvious that=== <!--T:81-->


<!--T:82-->
===IV. Verb Particle 慣===
===IV. Verb Particle 慣===
Usage:
Usage:


<!--T:83-->
* V得慣，V不慣
* V得慣，V不慣
* V慣了，沒V慣
* V慣了，沒V慣


<!--T:84-->
看不慣 means to disapprove of, to dislike.
看不慣 means to disapprove of, to dislike.


<!--T:85-->
Colloquial use: 「V不太慣 」, meaning not quite used to Ving.
Colloquial use: 「V不太慣 」, meaning not quite used to Ving.


<!--T:86-->
Examples:
Examples:


<!--T:87-->
* 「我做不慣家事」 "I'm not used to doing housework"
* 「我做不慣家事」 "I'm not used to doing housework"
* 「我住慣了鄉下了」 "I've gotten used to living in the countryside"
* 「我住慣了鄉下了」 "I've gotten used to living in the countryside"


<!--T:88-->
===V. Verb Complement 動 capable of causing movement===
===V. Verb Complement 動 capable of causing movement===
A verb complement indicating the ability or inability of moving.
A verb complement indicating the ability or inability of moving.


<!--T:89-->
'''Can only be used in potential (V得動，V不動) forms.'''
'''Can only be used in potential (V得動，V不動) forms.'''


<!--T:90-->
Can only be used with movement related verbs, eg. 走，跑，拿，般，玩，開 (of a car)，跳，etc.
Can only be used with movement related verbs, eg. 走，跑，拿，般，玩，開 (of a car)，跳，etc.


<!--T:91-->
動 (able to move) vs. 了 (capable of action)
動 (able to move) vs. 了 (capable of action)


<!--T:92-->
* 「我很累，現在走不動」：I'm too tired to walk anymore
* 「我很累，現在走不動」：I'm too tired to walk anymore
* 「風太大了，我們走不了」：It's too windy, we are unable to leave
* 「風太大了，我們走不了」：It's too windy, we are unable to leave


<!--T:93-->
Examples:
Examples:


<!--T:94-->
* 「你一個人搬得動嗎？」 are you able to move it by yourself?
* 「你一個人搬得動嗎？」 are you able to move it by yourself?
* 「他受傷了，恐怕跑不動」 he was injured and may be unable to run
* 「他受傷了，恐怕跑不動」 he was injured and may be unable to run
* 「拿得動」 can pick it up, 「拿不動」 cannot pick it up
* 「拿得動」 can pick it up, 「拿不動」 cannot pick it up


===VI. 無形中 without knowing it, and before you know it===
===VI. 無形中 without knowing it, and before you know it=== <!--T:95-->


<!--T:96-->
===VII. 此外 in addition, furthermore===
===VII. 此外 in addition, furthermore===
此外 can be expanded into 除此之外
此外 can be expanded into 除此之外


<!--T:97-->
More precisely 此外 means "besides this..."
More precisely 此外 means "besides this..."


<!--T:98-->
Often followed by 也 (something) or 還 (something)
Often followed by 也 (something) or 還 (something)


<!--T:99-->
===VIII. 總而言之 in short===
===VIII. 總而言之 in short===
Means in conclusion, or in short. What follows is a summary or brief conclusion based on prior statements.
Means in conclusion, or in short. What follows is a summary or brief conclusion based on prior statements.


<!--T:100-->
Can be abbreviated to 總之
Can be abbreviated to 總之


==Additional Vocabulary==
==Additional Vocabulary== <!--T:101-->


<!--T:102-->
===容量===
===容量===
Storage space, i.e. GB, TB.
Storage space, i.e. GB, TB.


<!--T:103-->
===宅，宅男/宅女===
===宅，宅男/宅女===
宅 (Vs) describes somebody or some activity as being oriented around staying at home for entertainment. Examples are 宅 things are playing video games, reading manga, watching TV or movies, etc.
宅 (Vs) describes somebody or some activity as being oriented around staying at home for entertainment. Examples are 宅 things are playing video games, reading manga, watching TV or movies, etc.


<!--T:104-->
宅男/宅女 (N) is a person who does 宅 things habitually, a homebody.
宅男/宅女 (N) is a person who does 宅 things habitually, a homebody.


<!--T:105-->
===C/P值===
===C/P值===
C/P ostensibly stands for Capability to Price ratio. C/P高 means a good value, "more bang for your buck“.
C/P ostensibly stands for Capability to Price ratio. C/P高 means a good value, "more bang for your buck“.


<!--T:106-->
===割===
===割===
割 means to cut
割 means to cut
* 割掉: to cut off, sever
* 割掉: to cut off, sever


<!--T:107-->
===解約===
===解約===
To end/terminate a contract
To end/terminate a contract


<!--T:108-->
===違約金===
===違約金===
Penalty for terminating a contract
Penalty for terminating a contract


<!--T:109-->
===原單===
===原單===
Unauthorized factory extras, aka midnight shift products
Unauthorized factory extras, aka midnight shift products


<!--T:110-->
===撿起來===
===撿起來===
To pick up off the ground
To pick up off the ground


<!--T:111-->
===追劇===
===追劇===
To follow/binge watch a TV series
To follow/binge watch a TV series


<!--T:112-->
===過癮===
===過癮===
To satisfy a craving, enjoy oneself, gratifying, satisfying
To satisfy a craving, enjoy oneself, gratifying, satisfying


<!--T:113-->
===刪除===
===刪除===
To delete
To delete


<!--T:114-->
===封鎖===
===封鎖===
To block (somebody's account)
To block (somebody's account)


<!--T:115-->
===正本===
===正本===
Original copy
Original copy


<!--T:116-->
===影本===
===影本===
Photocopy (N)
Photocopy (N)


<!--T:117-->
===影印===
===影印===
Photocopy (V)
Photocopy (V)


<!--T:118-->
===崇拜===
===崇拜===
To idolize, worship
To idolize, worship


<!--T:119-->
===物資===
===物資===
Goods, materials
Goods, materials


<!--T:120-->
===筆電===
===筆電===
Laptop computer, shortened from 筆記型電腦
Laptop computer, shortened from 筆記型電腦


<!--T:121-->
===家常便飯===
===家常便飯===
Commonplace，ordinary
Commonplace，ordinary


<!--T:122-->
===而言===
===而言===
Speaking of, regarding (same as 來說)
Speaking of, regarding (same as 來說)


<!--T:123-->
===取捨===
===取捨===
To accept or reject; to choose
To accept or reject; to choose


<!--T:124-->
===駕照===
===駕照===
Driver's license
Driver's license


<!--T:125-->
===看不慣===
===看不慣===
To disapprove, dislike
To disapprove, dislike


<!--T:126-->
===入睡===
===入睡===
To go to sleep
To go to sleep


<!--T:127-->
===打呼===
===打呼===
To snore
To snore


<!--T:128-->
===回答 vs. 答案===
===回答 vs. 答案===
* 回答: (V,N) Answer
* 回答: (V,N) Answer
* 答案: (N) The solution, correct answer, eg. to a test problem.
* 答案: (N) The solution, correct answer, eg. to a test problem.


<!--T:129-->
===正確===
===正確===
Correct, right, proper (Vs)
Correct, right, proper (Vs)


<!--T:130-->
Antonym of 錯誤.
Antonym of 錯誤.


<!--T:131-->
===錯誤===
===錯誤===
Incorrect, mistake (Vs, N)
Incorrect, mistake (Vs, N)


</translate>
</translate>
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