Book 3

Chapter 9

Vocabulary I

成立

To establish/set up something involving legal procedures. For example, to establish a company.

經營

To operate a business, to maintain a relationship, to participate in a class.

Vocabulary II

舉辦

To host, organize, hold an event

舉辦 vs. 舉行:

• 舉辦：used to refer to whom is organizing the event
• 舉性：used to refer to where/when the event takes place

提高

To increase towards some (personal) expectation or ideal, usually with a positive connotation.

提高 vs. 增加:

• 提高：to increase towards a positive ideal
• 增加：to increase (quantity), neutral connotation

口味

1. Flavor (out of a selection), eg. chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, etc.
2. Describing a person's or a group's preferences (not necessarily regarding food), eg. 「日本人的口味」(Japanese people's preferences).

口味 vs. 味道：

• 口味：flavors out of a selection, eg. (wheel cakes) chocolate, vanilla, red bean, cheese, peanut butter
• 味道：describing a food, eg. salty, sweet, sour, etc.

結果

Means "as a result" when the result differs from expectations. Usually has a negative connotation.

並且

In addition, furthermore, moreover...

並且 vs. 而且：

• 並且：Must be followed by V, Vs, or sentence (no nouns)
• 而且：Similar meaning to 並且 ("but also"), can be followed by a noun

行銷

To market (i.e. advertise or represent a company)

行銷 vs. 推銷：

• 行銷：to market
• 推銷：to sell, promote

Grammar Notes

II. 即…又… not merely..., but ...as well

Same as the 又…又 pattern, but more literary

III. …以內 within ...

Within some range, including the boundary, eg. 「十塊以內」 means "up to and including $10".

V. (在) NP上 regarding NP

Similar use as 「NP(的)方面」 except this grammar shouldn't be used in situations where it may be mistaken to mean literally on top of NP, eg. NP is an object or person in physical space.j

VII. 結果 consequently, in the end

A 結果 B: B is the result of A. Emphasis on B. B is an undesirable, non-ideal, or unexpected result of A. B typically is an undesirable or negative situation.

Chapter 10

Vocabulary I

打針

Separable verb, example: 「醫生給我打止痛針」

開刀

Often used with surgeon/doctor as subject (though this verb is ambiguous, the subject can also be the patient). Example:「他開刀的技術很好」 "he is a skilled surgeon".

至於

"As to/regarding..." Often followed by a topic change.

Vocabulary II

調查

Often 「跟著調查…」

待遇

Full compensation including retirement, bonus, insurance, etc. in addition to salary.

倍

Often confusing usage with 「多」

1. 兩倍 (two times) = 2x
2. 多兩倍 (two times more than) = 3x

尊敬

To respect/venerate a person's status (eg. leaders, doctors, etc.) or to respect a historical figure.

For respecting an individual person, their opinion, or an idea, etc. use 尊重

Grammar Notes

I. Introducing a New Topic with 至於

Often used to shift topics to answer two different questions asked by a previous speaker.

A: Is X ...? How about Y? B: X is ... 至於Y, ...

II. 看 depends on

Often 「要看」

Examples:

• …要看運氣
• …看天氣好不好

III. 一向 all along, has always...

Refers to habitual actions or inclinations, eg. 「臺灣父母一向在乎孩子的成績」

Compare with 一直: 一直 means incessantly, or without stopping. 一向 can only describe past events while 一直 can express something in the future.

V. Passive Sentences with 受

「受」refers to abstract things (eg. respect, appreciation, etc.)

Compare with 被：被 passives usually have a negative connotation, 受 does not have a negative connotation.

VI. 動不動就… to do something impetuously

This is used as a criticism of somebody's rash behavior.

Compare with 「說…就…」：=「說…就…」is not necessarily a criticism

Chapter 11

Vocabulary I

利益

Gains, benefits. Compare with 「利潤」：profit from sales (narrower definition).

娶

To take a woman in marriage/to make them your wife.

Compare with 嫁, to marry a husband.

打敗

Usage: 「X 打敗了 Y」 “X defeated Y"

Compare with 打輸 (to lose): 「Y 打輸了」 "Y lost"

Vocabulary II

遷移

Often: 「往X遷移」："to migrate towards X"

Grammar Notes

I. 到底 after all? how on earth?

Usage:

1. Clarify unclear situation
2. Meaning "finally", after expecting something to happen (negative implication that it took too long)

到底 must come before any question words (eg. 誰, 哪裡, etc.)

II. 甚至 even

Or, "to go so far as..."

III. 這麼說 that being the case, in that case

Pattern is 這麼說 + some consequence or interpretation of the previous speaker's statement

IV. 跟B有關的A A is related to B

Example:「跟網購糾紛有關的新聞」 "news related to online shopping disputes"

V. 不得不 have no choice but to

Used when talking about a last resort, no other choice but to...

VI. 以及 as well as

A flexible conjunction that connects nouns or sentences.