Book 4/ja: Difference between revisions

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<languages/>
<languages/>
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
= 第１章 =
= 第１章 =
== 単語 ==
== 単語 ==
=== 溫暖 vs 暖和 vs 溫馨 ===
=== 溫暖 vs 暖和 vs 溫馨 ===
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===上癮===
To be addicted (to something).
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Usages:
* 她對（某個東西）上癮: she is addicted to (something)
* 她看恐怖片看上癮了: she is addicted to watching horror movies
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===刺激===
Stimulating (Vs), to stimulate (V), stimulation (N).
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
== Vocabulary II ==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===寂寞===
Lonely and isolated feeling (but not necessarily physically alone).
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Compare with 孤單, which means "alone".
</div>
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===網友===
Literally "online friend", but often implies online dating
</div>
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===陪伴===
To keep somebody company
Usages:
* 他陪伴（某個人）: he accompanies (somebody)
* 他是她的陪伴: he is her companion
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===紓解===
To relieve (pressure, stress). See also 減輕 (to reduce).
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===轉換===
Often used with:
* 心情：「轉換心情」 "to change one's mood"
* 跑道：「轉換跑道」 "to change one's path (in life)"
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===虛擬===
Virtual or fictional. Opposite of 現實.
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===現實===
Actual, real. Opposite of 虛擬. Means "materialistic" and carries a negative connotation if used to describe a person (use 實際 instead to mean "practical" or "realistic" without the negative connotation).
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===期待===
Expectations (N), to look forward to or be excited for an upcoming event (V)
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===喘氣===
To gasp, pant. V-sep, Vs
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Usages:
* 喘喘氣
* 喘一口氣 (V-sep)
* 很喘 (Vs)
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===懂得===
To comprehend, to understand.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Used to describe experience-based understanding of something complex. Cannot be used as drop-in replacement for 懂.
</div>
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===陷阱===
A trap, a snare
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Usages:
* 設下陷阱： to set a trap
* 掉（進/入）陷阱： to fall into a trap, to get trapped
</div>
<span id="Additional_Vocabulary"></span>
==単語==
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
*溫暖　人/行動　(良好的、思いやり、又は親切) そして天候/環境　（暖かい）　などに適用される
*溫暖　人/行動　(良好的、思いやり、又は親切) そして天候/環境　（暖かい）　などに適用される
*暖和 は暖かい天気、又は暖かい環境を意味する
*暖和 は暖かい天気、又は暖かい環境を意味する
*溫馨　関係に適用される
*溫馨　関係に適用される
</div>
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
===I. 與其 A…不如…B AよりはむしろB===
</div>


<span id="Additional_Vocabulary"></span>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==単語==
Colloquially 與其 can be omitted.
</div>


===I. 與其 A…不如…B AよりはむしろB===
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* A and B can be verbs, nouns, or sentences
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<span id="II._就_on_the_contrary"></span>
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
===II. 就 反対に、それどころか===
===II. 就 反対に、それどころか===
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<span id="III._A_Summary_of_the_Various_Usages_of_就"></span>
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===III. A Summary of the Various Usages of 就===
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===III. 就の多様な使い方　===
===III. 就の多様な使い方　===
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<span id="IV._別說A，就是B也…_never_mind_A,_even_B_is_the_case…"></span>
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
===IV. 別說A，就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である===
===IV. 別說A，就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である===
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===V. 簡直 to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if===
簡直 is similar to how "basically" is used when exaggerating in English, eg. "she's basically a genius"
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<span id="V._簡直_to_put_it_simply_and_plainly,_it_seems_as_if"></span>
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy">
===V. 簡直（簡単に言えば）まるで〜のようだ===
===V. 簡直（簡単に言えば）まるで〜のようだ===
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===VI. 不至於 but the situation would not be so bad as to&#x2026;===
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<span id="VI._不至於_but_the_situation_would_not_be_so_bad_as_to…"></span>
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===VI. 不至於（しかし状況は）〜ほどではない===
===VI. 不至於（しかし状況は）〜ほどではない===
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===VII. 往往 usually; tend to===
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<span id="VII._往往_usually;_tend_to"></span>
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===VII. 往往　大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである===
===VII. 往往　大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである===
</div>


<span id="VIII._Do_Something_Just_for_Fun_V著玩"></span>
<span id="VIII._Do_Something_Just_for_Fun_V著玩"></span>
===VIII. 楽しみのためにVする　V著玩===
===VIII. 楽しみのためにVする　V著玩===


=第二章=
=第２章=
==単語 I==
==単語 I==
===穿著 chuānzhuó 衣服、服装===
===穿著 chuānzhuó 衣服、服装===
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<span id="To_play_a_musical_instrument:_彈，拉，打"></span>
<span id="To_play_a_musical_instrument:_彈，拉，打"></span>
===音楽を演奏するには：彈，拉，打===
===楽器を演奏する時：彈，拉，打===


==文法表現==
==文法表現==
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使い方:A跟B有落差 / 很（大/小）的落差
使い方:A跟B有落差 / 很（大/小）的落差


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
落差、不同、差別の違い:
Comparison of 落差 with 不同 and 差別:
</div>


「落差」には”十分ではない”という意味合いが含まれているのに対して「差別」と「不同」は中立の立場にある。
「落差」には”十分ではない”という意味合いが含まれているのに対して「差別」と「不同」は中立の立場にある。
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</div>
</div>


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===取得===
===取得===
Usage: 取得+object
使い方: 取得+目的語
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よくある言い回し：「舉個例子來說……」：”例えば/例えると...”
よくある言い回し：「舉個例子來說……」：”例えば/例えると...”


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=== 過度 ===
=== 過度 ===
To be overly-something, eg.
過度に何かをする
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* 過度使用：過度に使う
* 過度使用：To overuse
* 過度負責：
* 過度負責：To overcomplicate
* 過度認真：過度に真剣/真面目
* 過度認真：Overly serious
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沉：沈む 浮の反対.
沉：To sink, opposite of 浮 (to float).
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</div>
</div>


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<span id="Grammar_Notes"></span>
==Grammar Notes==
==文法表現==
</div>


===I. 何必 何故〜なのか、何故〜しなければいけないのか===
===I. 何必 何故〜なのか、何故〜しなければいけないのか===
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</div>
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===VIII. 總而言之 つまり===
===VIII. 總而言之 in short===
意味はつまり、省略するとになる。「總而言之」に続く文は前の文と関連付け、結論を述べるために使われる
Means in conclusion, or in short. What follows is a summary or brief conclusion based on prior statements.
</div>


「總之」に省略できる
「總之」に省略できる


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
<span id="Additional_Vocabulary"></span>
==Additional Vocabulary==
==単語==
</div>


<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===容量===
===容量===
Storage space, i.e. GB, TB.
容量、ボリューム
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===解約===
===解約===
To end/terminate a contract
解約、契約を終了する
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</div>
</div>


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===撿起來===
===撿起來===
To pick up off the ground
地面から拾う
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</div>


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===刪除===
===刪除===
To delete
消去、削除する
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===封鎖===
===封鎖===
To block (somebody's account)
封鎖する（SNS上で誰かのアカウントをブロックする時にも使われる）
</div>


===正本===
===正本===
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===錯誤===
===錯誤===
不正解、間違い（形容詞、名詞）
不正解、間違い（形容詞、名詞）
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= Chapter 4 =
==Vocabulary I==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===欸===
欸 has different meanings depending on the tone.
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2nd tone: 欸 (éi) "huh?"
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3rd tone: 欸 (ěi) (of an authority figure to an underling) "what is it that do you think you're doing?"
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4th tone: 欸 (èi) "hey!"
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===衣櫥===
Alternatively, 衣櫃
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===在意===
vs. 在乎：
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在意 means to mind something (it affects one's emotions)
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在乎 means to think something is important
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The difference is clearer in the negative:
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不在意 means to be unaffected by, or to not mind something
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不在乎 means to not care about something
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===角度===
A common phrase is 「站在X的角度…」, "to see it from X's perspective..."
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===學問===
Measure word: 門
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===脾氣===
To lose one's temper: 發脾氣
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===鏡子===
Measure word: 面
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===床腳===
Head of the bed: 床頭
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===把===
Also means "a handful of", eg. 「一把糖果」 "a handful of candy"
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===欺負===
Means "to tease" or "to pick on". 欺負 is less strong than 霸凌 (to bully).
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==Vocabulary II==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===西元===
BC: 前西元
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===本身===
Means itself/themself. Can refer to people, things, events.
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==Grammar Notes==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===I. 總算 finally, speaking roughly (in the ballpark)===
總算 vs. 終於：
總算 can be used in place of 終於 to mean the same thing, "finally" or "at last".
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總算 has an additional usage that 終於 does not have, meaning "at least" in the sense that a situation is imperfect but "at least" some result was achieved, even if not ideal. A common pattern is: 「雖然…但總算…」 "although... but at least...".
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In this usage, the event must have happened in the past.
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For example:
Even though I didn't do perfectly on this test, but at least I did alright.
「雖然這次考試也不是考的很好，但總算還可以」
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It is more natural to put the subject before 總算, eg. 「雖然成績不理想，但我總算考上了」
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===II. 還不過是 nothing more than===
This expression means that the speaker considers whatever follows as unexceptional or unremarkable. It can be considered slightly impolite if describing somebody else's activities. This expression is usually used in response to a question.
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===III. Outright Denial with 才===
This 才 is used to make an intense, angry refutation to some statement.
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There are two ways to respond to a statement with this grammar: (1) negate the original statement or (2) alter the subject of the original statement. It is incorrect to do both (1) and (2) at the same time. If the original statement is a negative (i.e. contains 不) the response MUST be a double negative.
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Example of negating the original statement (1):
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A: 聽說你喜歡小林
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B: 我才不喜歡他！
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Example of (1) with double negative:
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A：網購不安全，實體購物比較好
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B：網購才不是不安全！
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Example of altering the subject of the original statement (2):
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A：草莓冰淇淋最好吃
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B：巧克力冰淇淋才是最好吃!
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===IV. A Summary of the Various Usages of 才===
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===V. 所謂（的）A是指B so called A refers to B===
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===VI. 一口氣===
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===VII. 光A就… just A alone...===
Just/even A alone exceeds common expectations.
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This structure emphasizes the excessiveness or some situation using (A) as an example. If (A) is a particularly excessive example, the 光…就 pattern is identical to 連…都.
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Example of 光…就 having usage identical to 連…都:
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「最近房價那麼貴，聽說光有錢人就買不起房子」
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「最近房價那麼貴，聽說連有錢人都買不起房子」
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“Housing prices are so high lately that even rich people can't afford to buy a house
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Example where 光…就 cannot be swapped with 連…都 because the example (A) is not extreme:
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「最近好熱，光昨天就超過三十度」
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"It's been so hot recently, just yesterday it was over 30°"
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===VIII. Expressing Displeasure or Annoyance with 都===
Here 都 roughly translates as "already", (eg. "I've already waited for two hours!"). The speaker expresses annoyance that some aspect of the situation has exceeded a reasonable limit.
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「你都睡了十個鐘頭，怎麼還說很累？」
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"You already slept for 10 hours, how can you still be tired?"
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==Additional Vocabulary==
</div>
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=Chapter 5=
==Vocabulary I==
===稀奇===
Means unusual, strange, eccentric. Can apply to good or bad situations.
vs. 難得：難得 refers to something that has already occurred an is desirable (i.e. rare).
===盲目===
To do something without regard，eg.
盲⽬升學：To blindly pursue studies
盲⽬跟隨：To blindly follow
盲⽬聽從：To blindly obey
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===逃避===
To evade responsibility
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==Vocabulary II==
==I. Rhetorical Question with 哪裡==
==II. 畢竟 after all==
==III. 的確 indeed==
==IV. 話說回來 however, on the other hand==
==V. NP之所以S₂是因為S₁ S₂ is due to S₁==
==VI. 根本 not...at all==
==VII. 更別說…了 let alone, never mind==
==VIII. 恨不得 one really wishes one could...==
==Additional Vocabulary==
</div>
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=Chapter 6=
==Vocabulary I==
===橋===
M: 座
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===強烈===
Used to describe weather, earthquakes, emotions, etc.
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===預先===
vs. 事先：事先 means "before a (serious) event". 預先 means "in advance" without connotations of disaster.
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===隨手===
Means "within easy reach" or "while you're there"
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===白===
# To do something in vain (eg. 報告白寫了, to write a report in vain)
# To do something without paying, often with negative connotations (eg. 白吃)
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===嫌===
To complain about, be bothered by, disdain, or resent a specific thing (requires an object)
==Vocabulary II==
===災害===
Disaster/damage from a disaster. Often 「災害帶來的…」
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Comparatively less serious in meaning than than 災難
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===災難===
A catastrophe. Used to describe huge or serious disasters (epidemic, war, earthquakes, etc.). Can also be used to describe personal disasters.
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===狀況===
Often used with 出 or 發生, eg.
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* 出新狀況
* 發生重大狀況
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===倒塌===
To collapse into pieces.
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
vs. 倒下來： to tip over
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===平靜===
Non-emotional
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Additional Vocabulary==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==I. 怎麼這麼 why so...?==
==II. Intensifying Adverb 多 how==
==III. The Various Functions of 多==
==IV. 白 in vain, for nothing==
==V. 總是 always==
==VI. The Various Meanings of the Verb Complement 下來==
==VII. 當…的時候 when, while, at the time of==
==VIII. 反而 on the contrary==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Chapter 7=
==Vocabulary I==
===交===
「交朋友」：To make friends in general Compare with 「做朋友」, which is used when becoming friends with a specific person.
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===約會===
V-sep, N: To make a date (with somebody). A date.
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Be careful, this means a date, not an appointment. To have an appointment is 「有會」
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===一生===
One's life. Cannot say 「我的一生」, as this implies you've died and are speaking from the afterlife. Use 「我的人生」 here instead.
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
一生 has a similar meaning to 一輩子
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===至少===
Means "at least". Use before verbs or quantities.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===實習===
To intern (V), an internship (N)
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==Vocabulary II==
===目光===
Means "gaze" when talking about attraction, love.
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Compare with 眼光, meaning ability to discern
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===於是===
Means "so" + "and then" 「所以」+ 「然後」
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===煩惱===
To be troubled, vexed (Vs). Troubles (N).
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===告白===
To confess love (not used for confessing to crimes).
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Usage: 「跟/向/對 X 告白」
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===交往===
To date. Usage: A跟B交往
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===忌妒/嫉妒===
忌妒 and 嫉妒 have the same pronunciation and very similar meanings. Native speakers might not know the difference.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
* 忌妒: jealous because somebody took something from me
* 嫉妒: envious because others have something I don't, or can do something I cannot
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===吃醋===
Usage: 「吃 X 的醋」 "to be jealous of X". Eg, a sibling getting better treatment.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===吻===
To kiss romantically, french kissing
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
vs. 親, a non-romantic kiss (eg. kiss a child)
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===一見鍾情===
Love at first sight.
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Usage: 「我對 X 一見鍾情」 "I was in love with X at first sight"
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==Additional Vocabulary==
===會議===
Meeting (N)
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
===開會===
Have a meeting V-sep
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==I. 還 to my surprise==
Expresses surprise that something is more/better than one expected. This grammar can be perceived as being slightly insulting, because it implies the speaker had lower hopes.
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Eg. 「你的女朋友還很漂亮！」 "your girlfriend is actually pretty" (expressing surprise that she is pretty)
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
Often this 還 is used with 真
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==II. Alternating Events with 一下…一下…==
In Taiwan often said as 一下子…一下子…
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==III.Various Fractions with A 分之 B==
Means <math>\frac{B}{A}</math>, i.e. "B out of A"
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
==IV. 一連 without interruption, in rapid succession==
==V. To Have a Full Dosage of an Activity V個夠==
One-character verbs are better here from a style perspective
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==VI. 有助於 be conducive to==
==VII. 於是… thus, consequently==
==VIII. 向 to, toward==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Chapter 8=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
</div>
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
=Chapter 9=
==Vocabulary I==
==Vocabulary II==
==Additional Vocabulary==
</div>
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