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= Chapter 1 = | = Chapter 1 = | ||
== Vocabulary Notes == | == Vocabulary Notes == | ||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
* 溫暖 applies to people/behavior (friendly, caring, or kind) and weather/environment (warm) | |||
* 暖和 means a warm weather or a warm environment | |||
* 溫馨 applies to relationships, meaning something like "sweet" | |||
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與其 A…不如…B | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
==Grammar Notes== | |||
===I. 與其 A…不如…B B rather than A=== | |||
</div> | |||
<span id="II._就_on_the_contrary"></span> | <span id="II._就_on_the_contrary"></span> | ||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
就 反対に、それどころか | 就 反対に、それどころか | ||
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<span id="III._A_Summary_of_the_Various_Usages_of_就"></span> | <span id="III._A_Summary_of_the_Various_Usages_of_就"></span> | ||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
就の多様な使い方 | 就の多様な使い方 | ||
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<span id="IV._別說A,就是B也…_never_mind_A,_even_B_is_the_case…"></span> | <span id="IV._別說A,就是B也…_never_mind_A,_even_B_is_the_case…"></span> | ||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
別說A,就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である | 別說A,就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である | ||
</div> | |||
<span id="V._簡直_to_put_it_simply_and_plainly,_it_seems_as_if"></span> | <span id="V._簡直_to_put_it_simply_and_plainly,_it_seems_as_if"></span> | ||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
簡直(簡単に言えば)まるで〜のようだ | 簡直(簡単に言えば)まるで〜のようだ | ||
</div> | |||
<span id="VI._不至於_but_the_situation_would_not_be_so_bad_as_to…"></span> | <span id="VI._不至於_but_the_situation_would_not_be_so_bad_as_to…"></span> | ||
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不至於(しかし状況は)〜ほどではない | 不至於(しかし状況は)〜ほどではない | ||
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<span id="VII._往往_usually;_tend_to"></span> | <span id="VII._往往_usually;_tend_to"></span> | ||
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往往 いつも、大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである | 往往 いつも、大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである | ||
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<span id="VIII._Do_Something_Just_for_Fun_V著玩"></span> | <span id="VIII._Do_Something_Just_for_Fun_V著玩"></span> | ||
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楽しみのためにVする V著玩 | 楽しみのためにVする V著玩 | ||
</div> | |||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
= Chapter 2 = | = Chapter 2 = | ||
== Vocabulary I == | == Vocabulary I == | ||
=== 穿著 === | === 穿著 === | ||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 避免,免得 === | ===避免,免得=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 演出者 === | ===演出者=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 熟 === | ===熟=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 提 === | ===提=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 咳嗽 === | ===咳嗽=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 水準 === | ===水準=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
== Vocabulary II == | ==Vocabulary II== | ||
=== 仔細,細節,細心,粗心,用心 === | ===仔細,細節,細心,粗心,用心=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 留意,注意 === | ===留意,注意=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 滿足,滿意 === | ===滿足,滿意=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 中場,終場 === | ===中場,終場=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
== Additional Vocabulary == | ==Additional Vocabulary== | ||
=== 怎麼說呢? === | ===怎麼說呢?=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 聽眾 === | ===聽眾=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== 讀者 === | ===讀者=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<span id="To_play_a_musical_instrument:_彈,拉,打"></span> | <span id="To_play_a_musical_instrument:_彈,拉,打"></span> | ||
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音楽を演奏するには:彈,拉,打 | 音楽を演奏するには:彈,拉,打 | ||
</div> | |||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
約束、仕事の成功、動詞が成功出来ることを示す | 約束、仕事の成功、動詞が成功出来ることを示す | ||
〜を成した、成功した | 〜を成した、成功した | ||
</div> | |||
<span id="II._萬一_supposing,_in_the_event_of_something_negative"></span> | <span id="II._萬一_supposing,_in_the_event_of_something_negative"></span> | ||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
萬一 仮に、望ましくない事が発生した場合 | 萬一 仮に、望ましくない事が発生した場合 | ||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | ||
=== III. 以為 === | ===III. 以為=== | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
<span id="IV._Adverb_可"></span> | <span id="IV._Adverb_可"></span> | ||
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副詞の可 | 副詞の可 | ||
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<span id="V._免得_lest,_so_as_to_avoid"></span> | <span id="V._免得_lest,_so_as_to_avoid"></span> | ||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
免得 〜しないように | 免得 〜しないように | ||
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<span id="VI._曾經_experience_in_the_past,_V'ed_before"></span> | <span id="VI._曾經_experience_in_the_past,_V'ed_before"></span> | ||
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曾經 過去の経験、以前Vした | 曾經 過去の経験、以前Vした | ||
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<span id="VII._Enumeration_Particle_等_etc…"></span> | <span id="VII._Enumeration_Particle_等_etc…"></span> | ||
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列挙を表す 等 | 列挙を表す 等 | ||
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<span id="VIII._Marking_a_Verb_with_the_Particle_所"></span> | <span id="VIII._Marking_a_Verb_with_the_Particle_所"></span> | ||
<div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> | |||
所で動詞のマーキング | 所で動詞のマーキング | ||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
=Chapter 3= | |||
==Vocabulary I== | |||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
===划算=== | |||
Negation: 不划算 | |||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
===落差=== | |||
Usage: A根B有落差 / 很(大/小)的落差 | |||
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Comparison of 落差 with 不同 and 差別: | |||
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
落差 has a "not good enough" connotation and is used to compare good/bad or high/low, whereas 差別 and 不同 are neutral. | |||
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Eg. 文化有差別 (there are cultural differences) does not have a negative connotation. | |||
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
「聽說網路上有的圖片跟實際的商品落差很大……」(I've heard there's sometimes a big difference between the photos online and the actual products) implies the actual products are not as good as the ones in the online photos. | |||
</div> | |||
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===仿冒品=== | |||
Antonym (genuine product): 正品 or 正貨 | |||
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
May see 「A貨」 in markets in HK or China, meaning highest-grade counterfeit. | |||
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===資訊=== | |||
資訊 vs. 資料: 資訊 is organized information/data, 資料 is raw or unorganized information/data. | |||
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===疑問=== | |||
Usage: 對X有疑問 | |||
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===後悔=== | |||
後悔 is both V and Vs. | |||
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Usage: 「我怕買了會後悔」 "I am afraid I will regret buying it". 「我很後悔買那輛車」 "I regret buying that car". | |||
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後悔 vs. 遺憾: | |||
* 後悔 refers to remediable regrets, eg. missing a concert | |||
* 遺憾 is more serious, is a noun and is used with unfixable situations, eg. feeling responsible and regretful for someone's death. A common phrase is 「留下遺憾」 "to have regrets/remorse". | |||
</div> | |||
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===認證=== | |||
Good verb usage:「經過認證」: "To undergo certification“ | |||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
===從前=== | |||
A very long time ago, much longer than 以前. An elderly person may use 從前 to talk about their youth. | |||
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===通常=== | |||
Meaning generally, typically. Almost interchangeable with 一般. Weaker than 一向 in most situations. | |||
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
平常 vs. 通常: | |||
* 平常: habitually, frequently --should have some details, eg. 「我平常早上八點運動」“I typically exercise at 8 am”, not 「我平常運動」(missing detail, implies exercising endlessly). | |||
</div> | |||
<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
==Vocabulary II== | |||
</div> | |||
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===取代=== | |||
取代 vs. 代替 vs. 替換: | |||
* 取代: To replace (object), long-term or forever. Example: 「現代人用電子郵件取代筆紙寫信」: "modern people use email as a replacement for writing letters with pen and paper" | |||
* 代替: To substitute (temporarily), eg. substitute honey for sugar when cooking | |||
* 替換: To exchange or replace an object (often a broken object; eg. a car's tire) with another | |||
</div> | |||
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===影集=== | |||
影集 vs. 連續劇: | |||
* 影集 is an episodic TV show (often the same characters every episode but each episode is a self-contained story) | |||
* 連續劇 is a serial TV show, meaning a long single story that progresses across different episodes | |||
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===取得=== | |||
Usage: 取得+object | |||
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取得 is formal and must be used with "formal" objects or abstract objects. | |||
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Examples: | |||
* 取得資格: To obtain a qualification (by taking a course, passing an examination, etc.) | |||
* 取得學位: To be granted an academic degree | |||
* 取得資料: To access information | |||
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Negation: 無法取得+object (cannot get object) | |||
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=== 查詢 === | |||
Meaning to look up, query, consult, inquire, or check ''by asking other people/a search engine.'' | |||
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Incorrect to use 查詢 with eg. looking up a word's definition or other simple activities. | |||
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===避開=== | |||
To avoid (by staying away from, taking a different route, using a different method) | |||
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<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> | |||
Examples: | |||
* 避開路段: Avoid a section of road by going around | |||
* 避開(情況/東西/人): To avoid something (a situation, an object, a person) by staying away | |||
* 避開問題: To avoid encountering a problem (by doing something else) | |||
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=== 若 === | |||
Same usage and meaning as 如果 | |||
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=== 例子 === | |||
Common phrase: 「舉個例子來說……」: "take for example..." | |||
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=== 過度 === | |||
To be overly-something, eg. | |||
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* 過度使用:To overuse | |||
* 過度負責:To overcomplicate | |||
* 過度認真:Overly serious | |||
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===此外=== | |||
Better translated as "besides this...". 此 means "this". | |||
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=== 戶外 === | |||
Antonym of 室內 (indoors) | |||
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=== 人類 === | |||
As opposed to 動物 | |||
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=== 沉迷 === | |||
To be obsessed, to the point of negatively affecting other parts of life. | |||
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沉:To sink, opposite of 浮 (to float). | |||
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沉浸:to be steeped in, immersed in, an expert at (no negative connotation). | |||
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==Grammar Notes== | |||
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===I. 何必 why must=== | |||
A rhetorical question, "does one really need to... ?" in response to a statement. | |||
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Usage: <reason/excuse> + 何必 + <action from original statement> | |||
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Example: 「臺北有捷運,你和必買車呢?」 "Taipei has MRT, do you really need to buy a car?" | |||
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===II. 不見的 not necessarily=== | |||
Cannot be used to answer 「有沒有」,「是不是」 type questions. For those, use 「不一定」. | |||
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===III. 嘛 isn't it obvious that=== | |||
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===IV. Verb Particle 慣=== | |||
Usage: | |||
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* V得慣,V不慣 | |||
* V慣了,沒V慣 | |||
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看不慣 means to disapprove of, to dislike. | |||
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Colloquial use: 「V不太慣 」, meaning not quite used to Ving. | |||
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Examples: | |||
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* 「我做不慣家事」 "I'm not used to doing housework" | |||
* 「我住慣了鄉下了」 "I've gotten used to living in the countryside" | |||
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===V. Verb Complement 動 capable of causing movement=== | |||
A verb complement indicating the ability or inability of moving. | |||
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'''Can only be used in potential (V得動,V不動) forms.''' | |||
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Can only be used with movement related verbs, eg. 走,跑,拿,般,玩,開 (of a car),跳,etc. | |||
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動 (able to move) vs. 了 (capable of action) | |||
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* 「我很累,現在走不動」:I'm too tired to walk anymore | |||
* 「風太大了,我們走不了」:It's too windy, we are unable to leave | |||
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Examples: | |||
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* 「你一個人搬得動嗎?」 are you able to move it by yourself? | |||
* 「他受傷了,恐怕跑不動」 he was injured and may be unable to run | |||
* 「拿得動」 can pick it up, 「拿不動」 cannot pick it up | |||
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===VI. 無形中 without knowing it, and before you know it=== | |||
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===VII. 此外 in addition, furthermore=== | |||
此外 can be expanded into 除此之外 | |||
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More precisely 此外 means "besides this..." | |||
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Often followed by 也 (something) or 還 (something) | |||
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===VIII. 總而言之 in short=== | |||
Means in conclusion, or in short. What follows is a summary or brief conclusion based on prior statements. | |||
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Can be abbreviated to 總之 | |||
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==Additional Vocabulary== | |||
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===容量=== | |||
Storage space, i.e. GB, TB. | |||
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===宅,宅男/宅女=== | |||
宅 (Vs) describes somebody or some activity as being oriented around staying at home for entertainment. Examples are 宅 things are playing video games, reading manga, watching TV or movies, etc. | |||
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宅男/宅女 (N) is a person who does 宅 things habitually, a homebody. | |||
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===C/P值=== | |||
C/P ostensibly stands for Capability to Price ratio. C/P高 means a good value, "more bang for your buck“. | |||
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===割=== | |||
割 means to cut | |||
* 割掉: to cut off, sever | |||
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===解約=== | |||
To end/terminate a contract | |||
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===違約金=== | |||
Penalty for terminating a contract | |||
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===原單=== | |||
Unauthorized factory extras, aka midnight shift products | |||
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===撿起來=== | |||
To pick up off the ground | |||
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===追劇=== | |||
To follow/binge watch a TV series | |||
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===過癮=== | |||
To satisfy a craving, enjoy oneself, gratifying, satisfying | |||
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===刪除=== | |||
To delete | |||
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===封鎖=== | |||
To block (somebody's account) | |||
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===正本=== | |||
Original copy | |||
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===影本=== | |||
Photocopy (N) | |||
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===影印=== | |||
Photocopy (V) | |||
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===崇拜=== | |||
To idolize, worship | |||
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===物資=== | |||
Goods, materials | |||
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===筆電=== | |||
Laptop computer, shortened from 筆記型電腦 | |||
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===家常便飯=== | |||
Commonplace,ordinary | |||
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===而言=== | |||
Speaking of, regarding (same as 來說) | |||
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===取捨=== | |||
To accept or reject; to choose | |||
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===駕照=== | |||
Driver's license | |||
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===看不慣=== | |||
To disapprove, dislike | |||
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===入睡=== | |||
To go to sleep | |||
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===打呼=== | |||
To snore | |||
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===回答 vs. 答案=== | |||
* 回答: (V,N) Answer | |||
* 答案: (N) The solution, correct answer, eg. to a test problem. | |||
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===正確=== | |||
Correct, right, proper (Vs) | |||
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Antonym of 錯誤. | |||
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===錯誤=== | |||
Incorrect, mistake (Vs, N) | |||
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edits