Book 4/ja: Difference between revisions

From 當代中文 Study Guide
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= Chapter 1 =
= Chapter 1 =
== Vocabulary Notes ==
== Vocabulary Notes ==
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* 溫暖 applies to people/behavior (friendly, caring, or kind) and weather/environment (warm)
* 暖和 means a warm weather or a warm environment
* 溫馨 applies to relationships, meaning something like "sweet"
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與其 A…不如…B AよりはむしろB
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==Grammar Notes==
===I. 與其 A…不如…B B rather than A===
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<span id="II._就_on_the_contrary"></span>
<span id="II._就_on_the_contrary"></span>
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就 反対に、それどころか
就 反対に、それどころか
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<span id="III._A_Summary_of_the_Various_Usages_of_就"></span>
<span id="III._A_Summary_of_the_Various_Usages_of_就"></span>
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就の多様な使い方
就の多様な使い方
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<span id="IV._別說A,就是B也…_never_mind_A,_even_B_is_the_case…"></span>
<span id="IV._別說A,就是B也…_never_mind_A,_even_B_is_the_case…"></span>
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別說A,就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である
別說A,就是B也… Aはもちろんのこと、Bさえも...である
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<span id="V._簡直_to_put_it_simply_and_plainly,_it_seems_as_if"></span>
<span id="V._簡直_to_put_it_simply_and_plainly,_it_seems_as_if"></span>
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簡直(簡単に言えば)まるで〜のようだ
簡直(簡単に言えば)まるで〜のようだ
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<span id="VI._不至於_but_the_situation_would_not_be_so_bad_as_to…"></span>
<span id="VI._不至於_but_the_situation_would_not_be_so_bad_as_to…"></span>
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不至於(しかし状況は)〜ほどではない
不至於(しかし状況は)〜ほどではない
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<span id="VII._往往_usually;_tend_to"></span>
<span id="VII._往往_usually;_tend_to"></span>
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往往 いつも、大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである
往往 いつも、大体、傾向がある、〜しがちである
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<span id="VIII._Do_Something_Just_for_Fun_V著玩"></span>
<span id="VIII._Do_Something_Just_for_Fun_V著玩"></span>
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楽しみのためにVする V著玩
楽しみのためにVする V著玩
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= Chapter 2 =
= Chapter 2 =
== Vocabulary I ==
== Vocabulary I ==
=== 穿著 ===
=== 穿著 ===
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=== 避免,免得 ===
===避免,免得===
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=== 演出者 ===
===演出者===
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=== 熟 ===
===熟===
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=== 提 ===
===提===
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=== 咳嗽 ===
===咳嗽===
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=== 水準 ===
===水準===
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== Vocabulary II ==
==Vocabulary II==
=== 仔細,細節,細心,粗心,用心 ===
===仔細,細節,細心,粗心,用心===
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=== 留意,注意 ===
===留意,注意===
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=== 滿足,滿意 ===
===滿足,滿意===
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=== 中場,終場 ===
===中場,終場===
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== Additional Vocabulary ==
==Additional Vocabulary==
=== 怎麼說呢? ===
===怎麼說呢?===
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=== 聽眾 ===
===聽眾===
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=== 讀者 ===
===讀者===
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<span id="To_play_a_musical_instrument:_彈,拉,打"></span>
<span id="To_play_a_musical_instrument:_彈,拉,打"></span>
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音楽を演奏するには:彈,拉,打
音楽を演奏するには:彈,拉,打
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約束、仕事の成功、動詞が成功出来ることを示す
約束、仕事の成功、動詞が成功出来ることを示す
〜を成した、成功した
〜を成した、成功した
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<span id="II._萬一_supposing,_in_the_event_of_something_negative"></span>
<span id="II._萬一_supposing,_in_the_event_of_something_negative"></span>
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萬一 仮に、望ましくない事が発生した場合
萬一 仮に、望ましくない事が発生した場合
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=== III. 以為 ===
===III. 以為===
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<span id="IV._Adverb_可"></span>
<span id="IV._Adverb_可"></span>
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副詞の可
副詞の可
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<span id="V._免得_lest,_so_as_to_avoid"></span>
<span id="V._免得_lest,_so_as_to_avoid"></span>
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免得 〜しないように
免得 〜しないように
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<span id="VI._曾經_experience_in_the_past,_V&#039;ed_before"></span>
<span id="VI._曾經_experience_in_the_past,_V&#039;ed_before"></span>
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曾經 過去の経験、以前Vした
曾經 過去の経験、以前Vした
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<span id="VII._Enumeration_Particle_等_etc…"></span>
<span id="VII._Enumeration_Particle_等_etc…"></span>
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列挙を表す 等
列挙を表す 等
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<span id="VIII._Marking_a_Verb_with_the_Particle_所"></span>
<span id="VIII._Marking_a_Verb_with_the_Particle_所"></span>
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所で動詞のマーキング
所で動詞のマーキング
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=Chapter 3=
==Vocabulary I==
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===划算===
Negation: 不划算
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===落差===
Usage: A根B有落差 / 很(大/小)的落差
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Comparison of 落差 with 不同 and 差別:
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落差 has a "not good enough" connotation and is used to compare good/bad or high/low, whereas 差別 and 不同 are neutral.
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Eg. 文化有差別 (there are cultural differences) does not have a negative connotation.
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「聽說網路上有的圖片跟實際的商品落差很大……」(I've heard there's sometimes a big difference between the photos online and the actual products) implies the actual products are not as good as the ones in the online photos.
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===仿冒品===
Antonym (genuine product): 正品 or 正貨
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May see 「A貨」 in markets in HK or China, meaning highest-grade counterfeit.
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===資訊===
資訊 vs. 資料: 資訊 is organized information/data, 資料 is raw or unorganized information/data.
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===疑問===
Usage: 對X有疑問
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===後悔===
後悔 is both V and Vs.
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Usage: 「我怕買了會後悔」 "I am afraid I will regret buying it". 「我很後悔買那輛車」 "I regret buying that car".
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後悔 vs. 遺憾:
* 後悔 refers to remediable regrets, eg. missing a concert
* 遺憾 is more serious, is a noun and is used with unfixable situations, eg. feeling responsible and regretful for someone's death. A common phrase is 「留下遺憾」 "to have regrets/remorse".
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===認證===
Good verb usage:「經過認證」: "To undergo certification“
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===從前===
A very long time ago, much longer than 以前. An elderly person may use 從前 to talk about their youth.
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===通常===
Meaning generally, typically. Almost interchangeable with 一般. Weaker than 一向 in most situations.
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平常 vs. 通常:
* 平常: habitually, frequently --should have some details, eg. 「我平常早上八點運動」“I typically exercise at 8 am”, not 「我平常運動」(missing detail, implies exercising endlessly).
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==Vocabulary II==
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===取代===
取代 vs. 代替 vs. 替換:
* 取代: To replace (object), long-term or forever. Example: 「現代人用電子郵件取代筆紙寫信」: "modern people use email as a replacement for writing letters with pen and paper"
* 代替: To substitute (temporarily), eg. substitute honey for sugar when cooking
* 替換: To exchange or replace an object (often a broken object; eg. a car's tire) with another
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===影集===
影集 vs. 連續劇:
* 影集 is an episodic TV show (often the same characters every episode but each episode is a self-contained story)
* 連續劇 is a serial TV show, meaning a long single story that progresses across different episodes
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===取得===
Usage: 取得+object
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取得 is formal and must be used with "formal" objects or abstract objects.
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Examples:
* 取得資格: To obtain a qualification (by taking a course, passing an examination, etc.)
* 取得學位: To be granted an academic degree
* 取得資料: To access information
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Negation: 無法取得+object (cannot get object)
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=== 查詢 ===
Meaning to look up, query, consult, inquire, or check ''by asking other people/a search engine.''
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Incorrect to use 查詢 with eg. looking up a word's definition or other simple activities.
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===避開===
To avoid (by staying away from, taking a different route, using a different method)
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Examples:
* 避開路段: Avoid a section of road by going around
* 避開(情況/東西/人): To avoid something (a situation, an object, a person) by staying away
* 避開問題: To avoid encountering a problem (by doing something else)
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=== 若 ===
Same usage and meaning as 如果
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=== 例子 ===
Common phrase: 「舉個例子來說……」: "take for example..."
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=== 過度 ===
To be overly-something, eg.
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* 過度使用:To overuse
* 過度負責:To overcomplicate
* 過度認真:Overly serious
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===此外===
Better translated as "besides this...". 此 means "this".
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=== 戶外 ===
Antonym of 室內 (indoors)
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=== 人類 ===
As opposed to 動物
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=== 沉迷 ===
To be obsessed, to the point of negatively affecting other parts of life.
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沉:To sink, opposite of 浮 (to float).
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沉浸:to be steeped in, immersed in, an expert at (no negative connotation).
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==Grammar Notes==
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===I. 何必 why must===
A rhetorical question, "does one really need to... ?" in response to a statement.
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Usage: <reason/excuse> + 何必 + <action from original statement>
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Example: 「臺北有捷運,你和必買車呢?」 "Taipei has MRT, do you really need to buy a car?"
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===II. 不見的 not necessarily===
Cannot be used to answer 「有沒有」,「是不是」  type questions. For those, use 「不一定」.
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===III. 嘛 isn't it obvious that===
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===IV. Verb Particle 慣===
Usage:
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* V得慣,V不慣
* V慣了,沒V慣
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看不慣 means to disapprove of, to dislike.
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Colloquial use: 「V不太慣 」, meaning not quite used to Ving.
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Examples:
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* 「我做不慣家事」 "I'm not used to doing housework"
* 「我住慣了鄉下了」 "I've gotten used to living in the countryside"
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===V. Verb Complement 動 capable of causing movement===
A verb complement indicating the ability or inability of moving.
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'''Can only be used in potential (V得動,V不動) forms.'''
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Can only be used with movement related verbs, eg. 走,跑,拿,般,玩,開 (of a car),跳,etc.
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動 (able to move) vs. 了 (capable of action)
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* 「我很累,現在走不動」:I'm too tired to walk anymore
* 「風太大了,我們走不了」:It's too windy, we are unable to leave
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Examples:
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* 「你一個人搬得動嗎?」 are you able to move it by yourself?
* 「他受傷了,恐怕跑不動」 he was injured and may be unable to run
* 「拿得動」 can pick it up, 「拿不動」 cannot pick it up
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===VI. 無形中 without knowing it, and before you know it===
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===VII. 此外 in addition, furthermore===
此外 can be expanded into 除此之外
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More precisely 此外 means "besides this..."
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Often followed by 也 (something) or 還 (something)
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===VIII. 總而言之 in short===
Means in conclusion, or in short. What follows is a summary or brief conclusion based on prior statements.
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Can be abbreviated to 總之
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==Additional Vocabulary==
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===容量===
Storage space, i.e. GB, TB.
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===宅,宅男/宅女===
宅 (Vs) describes somebody or some activity as being oriented around staying at home for entertainment. Examples are 宅 things are playing video games, reading manga, watching TV or movies, etc.
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宅男/宅女 (N) is a person who does 宅 things habitually, a homebody.
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===C/P值===
C/P ostensibly stands for Capability to Price ratio. C/P高 means a good value, "more bang for your buck“.
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===割===
割 means to cut
* 割掉: to cut off, sever
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===解約===
To end/terminate a contract
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===違約金===
Penalty for terminating a contract
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===原單===
Unauthorized factory extras, aka midnight shift products
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===撿起來===
To pick up off the ground
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===追劇===
To follow/binge watch a TV series
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===過癮===
To satisfy a craving, enjoy oneself, gratifying, satisfying
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===刪除===
To delete
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===封鎖===
To block (somebody's account)
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===正本===
Original copy
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===影本===
Photocopy (N)
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===影印===
Photocopy (V)
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===崇拜===
To idolize, worship
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===物資===
Goods, materials
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===筆電===
Laptop computer, shortened from 筆記型電腦
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===家常便飯===
Commonplace,ordinary
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===而言===
Speaking of, regarding (same as 來說)
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===取捨===
To accept or reject; to choose
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===駕照===
Driver's license
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===看不慣===
To disapprove, dislike
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===入睡===
To go to sleep
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===打呼===
To snore
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===回答 vs. 答案===
* 回答: (V,N) Answer
* 答案: (N) The solution, correct answer, eg. to a test problem.
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===正確===
Correct, right, proper (Vs)
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Antonym of 錯誤.
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===錯誤===
Incorrect, mistake (Vs, N)
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